test(validator): rename enum rule to in

Use the conventional `.gitkeep` filename so Git tooling recognizes
these placeholder files by default.

.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+/vendor/
+/.phpunit.cache/
+*.sqlite
+/.publish/

Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+# DuckBrain development harness — Makefile
+#
+# This file (along with tests/, phpunit.xml, composer.*, .gitignore) lives
+# ONLY on the develop branch. master is a publish-only vitrine that contains
+# nothing but the readable artifact: nobody commits to master directly, and
+# no file outside the WHITELIST below ever reaches it.
+#
+# Daily loop:
+#   make test     run the unit suite (sqlite :memory:, no containers, no
+#                 network; installs dev dependencies first if missing)
+#   ...then develop on develop and commit there as usual.
+#
+# Multi-engine regression net (run it whenever Model/Database change):
+#   make integration            full matrix: brings the test services up,
+#                               runs the Integration suite on sqlite, mysql
+#                               and pgsql, then takes the services down even
+#                               if a leg fails or you interrupt it
+#   make integration-engine ENGINE=mysql
+#                               single leg (assumes services are already up);
+#                               the fastest inner loop while iterating
+#   make db-up / make db-down   manage the rootless podman test containers
+#                               (mariadb:11, postgres:16-alpine); idempotent
+#
+#   Hard port constraint: the services must bind default ports 3306/5432 on
+#   localhost because Database.php's DSN has no port field; stop any local
+#   server on those ports first (db-up aborts naming the port).
+#
+# Publishing ritual (human only — AI agents must never run it; it commits):
+#   1. make publish MSG="feat: ..."   (MSG optional, defaults to "sync: <date>")
+#   2. review the new master commit (git log -1 refs/heads/master); if the
+#      generated message needs polish, rewrite it BEFORE pushing, e.g.
+#      from Emacs
+#   3. git push origin master         (manual on purpose: pushing is a
+#                                      decision, never a side effect)
+#
+# How publish builds master — wipe-and-rebuild mirror, no merges, no
+# cherry-picks (see design decisions behind establish-dev-publish-workflow):
+#   - refuses to run off develop or with a dirty working tree
+#   - checks master out into a disposable worktree under .publish/
+#     (your current working tree is never touched)
+#   - for each WHITELIST path: removes master's copy and checks out develop's,
+#     so deleted/renamed artifact files never survive as ghosts in master
+#   - BLACKLIST then subtracts noise found INSIDE whitelisted paths
+#   - creates the commit only when the artifact actually changed; its body
+#     lists the develop commits (after the last-sync tag) that touched
+#     WHITELIST paths — pure-noise commits are filtered out automatically
+#   - moves the last-sync tag to develop's tip, removes the worktree, and
+#     prints any root entry left out of WHITELIST (add it if it belongs to
+#     the artifact)
+
+SHELL := /bin/bash
+
+.PHONY: test publish db-up db-up-mariadb db-up-postgres db-down integration integration-engine
+
+PHPUNIT := vendor/bin/phpunit
+
+# Engine for single-leg integration runs (services must already be up).
+ENGINE ?= sqlite
+
+# --- publish configuration -------------------------------------------------
+WHITELIST     := src config.php index.php autoload.php .htaccess readme.org
+BLACKLIST     :=
+DEVELOP_BRANCH  := develop
+DEVELOP_REF     := refs/heads/$(DEVELOP_BRANCH)
+MASTER_BRANCH   := master
+MASTER_REF      := refs/heads/$(MASTER_BRANCH)
+LAST_SYNC_TAG  := last-sync
+MSG            ?= sync: $(shell date +%Y-%m-%d)
+
+# --- integration database services (podman rootless) -----------------------
+# Default ports are non-negotiable: Database.php's DSN carries no port field,
+# so the engines must answer on 3306/5432. If a local server owns those
+# ports, stop it before `make db-up`.
+MARIADB_NAME    := duckbrain-test-mariadb
+POSTGRES_NAME   := duckbrain-test-postgres
+MARIADB_IMAGE   := docker.io/library/mariadb:11
+POSTGRES_IMAGE  := docker.io/library/postgres:16-alpine
+TEST_DB_NAME    := duckbrain_test
+TEST_DB_USER    := duckbrain
+TEST_DB_PASS    := duckbrain
+DB_READY_SECS   := 240
+
+test:
+	@test -x $(PHPUNIT) || composer install --no-interaction
+	./$(PHPUNIT) --testsuite Unit
+
+publish:
+	@if [ "$$(git branch --show-current)" != "$(DEVELOP_BRANCH)" ]; then \
+		echo "ABORT: publish must be invoked from $(DEVELOP_BRANCH) (current: '$$(git branch --show-current)')"; \
+		exit 1; \
+	fi
+	@if [ -n "$$(git status --porcelain)" ]; then \
+		echo "ABORT: working tree is dirty; commit your changes on $(DEVELOP_BRANCH) before publishing:"; \
+		git status --short; \
+		exit 1; \
+	fi
+	git worktree remove --force .publish/master 2>/dev/null || true
+	git worktree add --quiet .publish/master $(MASTER_BRANCH)
+	@test "$$(git -C .publish/master symbolic-ref HEAD)" = "$(MASTER_REF)" || { \
+		echo "ABORT: publish worktree HEAD is not attached to $(MASTER_REF)"; \
+		git worktree remove --force .publish/master; exit 1; }
+	@for w in $(WHITELIST); do git -C .publish/master rm -rf --ignore-unmatch --quiet -- $$w; done
+	git -C .publish/master checkout $(DEVELOP_REF) -- $(WHITELIST)
+	@for b in $(BLACKLIST); do git -C .publish/master rm -rf --ignore-unmatch --quiet -- $$b; done
+	git -C .publish/master diff --quiet $(DEVELOP_REF) -- $(WHITELIST)
+	@if git -C .publish/master diff --cached --quiet; then \
+		echo "nothing to publish: master already mirrors $(DEVELOP_BRANCH)"; \
+	else \
+		set -e; \
+		if git rev-parse -q --verify tags/$(LAST_SYNC_TAG) >/dev/null; then \
+			RANGE=$(LAST_SYNC_TAG)..$(DEVELOP_REF); \
+		else \
+			echo "note: no $(LAST_SYNC_TAG) tag yet; summarizing full $(DEVELOP_BRANCH) history"; \
+			RANGE=$(DEVELOP_REF); \
+		fi; \
+		BODY=$$(git log $$RANGE --oneline -- $(WHITELIST)); \
+		{ printf '%s\n' "$(MSG)"; printf '\n'; printf '%s\n' "$$BODY"; } > .publish/msg.txt; \
+		git -C .publish/master commit --quiet -F "$$(pwd)/.publish/msg.txt"; \
+		echo "publish commit created; review/edit it (before pushing) with your git tool of choice"; \
+	fi
+	git tag -f $(LAST_SYNC_TAG) $(DEVELOP_REF) >/dev/null
+	git worktree remove .publish/master
+	@echo "root entries left behind in $(DEVELOP_BRANCH) (add to WHITELIST if they belong to the artifact):"; \
+	comm -23 <(git ls-tree --name-only $(DEVELOP_REF) | sort) \
+	         <(for x in $(WHITELIST) $(BLACKLIST); do echo $$x; done | sort) | sed 's/^/  - /'
+
+db-up: db-up-mariadb db-up-postgres
+
+db-up-mariadb:
+	@if podman ps -a --format '{{.Names}}' | grep -qx $(MARIADB_NAME); then \
+		echo "reusing $(MARIADB_NAME)"; podman start $(MARIADB_NAME) >/dev/null; \
+	else \
+		(echo > /dev/tcp/127.0.0.1/3306) 2>/dev/null && { \
+			echo "ABORT: port 3306 already in use; stop the local MySQL/MariaDB server or free the port before db-up"; exit 1; } || true; \
+		podman run -d --name $(MARIADB_NAME) \
+			-e MARIADB_ROOT_PASSWORD=$(TEST_DB_PASS) \
+			-e MARIADB_DATABASE=$(TEST_DB_NAME) \
+			-e MARIADB_USER=$(TEST_DB_USER) \
+			-e MARIADB_PASSWORD=$(TEST_DB_PASS) \
+			-p 127.0.0.1:3306:3306 $(MARIADB_IMAGE) >/dev/null; \
+	fi
+	@echo "waiting for $(MARIADB_NAME) to accept connections..."; \
+	for i in $$(seq 1 $(DB_READY_SECS)); do \
+		podman exec $(MARIADB_NAME) mariadb-admin ping -h 127.0.0.1 -u $(TEST_DB_USER) -p$(TEST_DB_PASS) --silent >/dev/null 2>&1 \
+			&& echo "$(MARIADB_NAME) ready" && exit 0; \
+		sleep 2; \
+	done; \
+	echo "TIMEOUT: $(MARIADB_NAME) never became ready; inspect: podman logs $(MARIADB_NAME)"; exit 1
+
+db-up-postgres:
+	@if podman ps -a --format '{{.Names}}' | grep -qx $(POSTGRES_NAME); then \
+		echo "reusing $(POSTGRES_NAME)"; podman start $(POSTGRES_NAME) >/dev/null; \
+	else \
+		(echo > /dev/tcp/127.0.0.1/5432) 2>/dev/null && { \
+			echo "ABORT: port 5432 already in use; stop the local PostgreSQL server or free the port before db-up"; exit 1; } || true; \
+		podman run -d --name $(POSTGRES_NAME) \
+			-e POSTGRES_DB=$(TEST_DB_NAME) \
+			-e POSTGRES_USER=$(TEST_DB_USER) \
+			-e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=$(TEST_DB_PASS) \
+			-p 127.0.0.1:5432:5432 $(POSTGRES_IMAGE) >/dev/null; \
+	fi
+	@echo "waiting for $(POSTGRES_NAME) to accept connections..."; \
+	for i in $$(seq 1 $(DB_READY_SECS)); do \
+		podman exec $(POSTGRES_NAME) pg_isready -U $(TEST_DB_USER) -d $(TEST_DB_NAME) >/dev/null 2>&1 \
+			&& echo "$(POSTGRES_NAME) ready" && exit 0; \
+		sleep 2; \
+	done; \
+	echo "TIMEOUT: $(POSTGRES_NAME) never became ready; inspect: podman logs $(POSTGRES_NAME)"; exit 1
+
+db-down:
+	@for c in $(MARIADB_NAME) $(POSTGRES_NAME); do \
+		if podman ps -a --format '{{.Names}}' | grep -qx $$c; then \
+			podman stop $$c >/dev/null 2>&1; podman rm $$c >/dev/null 2>&1; echo "removed $$c"; \
+		else \
+			echo "$$c not present"; \
+		fi; \
+	done
+
+integration:
+	@bash -c ' \
+		trap "$(MAKE) db-down" EXIT; \
+		trap "exit 130" INT; \
+		trap "exit 143" TERM; \
+		$(MAKE) --no-print-directory db-up || exit 1; \
+		rc=0; \
+		for e in sqlite mysql pgsql; do \
+			echo "============ leg: $$e ============"; \
+			$(MAKE) --no-print-directory integration-engine ENGINE=$$e || rc=1; \
+		done; \
+		echo "=================================="; \
+		if [ $$rc -eq 0 ]; then echo "integration: all legs green"; else echo "integration: at least one leg FAILED (rc=1)"; fi; \
+		exit $$rc \
+	'
+
+integration-engine:
+	@test -x $(PHPUNIT) || composer install --no-interaction
+	DUCKBRAIN_TEST_DB=$(ENGINE) ./$(PHPUNIT) --testsuite Integration --cache-directory .phpunit.cache/$(ENGINE)

autoload.php

@@ -12,8 +12,3 @@ spl_autoload_register(function ($className) {
         require_once $file;
     }
 });
-
-set_exception_handler(function ($exception) {
-    echo "Uncaught exception: " , $exception->getMessage(), "\n";
-    echo $exception->getTraceAsString();
-});

composer.json

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+{
+    "name": "kj/duckbrain",
+    "description": "DuckBrain microframework - development harness (tests and tooling; never published to master).",
+    "type": "project",
+    "license": "MIT",
+    "require-dev": {
+        "fakerphp/faker": "^1.24",
+        "phpunit/phpunit": "^11.0"
+    },
+    "autoload-dev": {
+        "psr-4": {
+            "Tests\\": "tests/"
+        }
+    }
+}

phpunit.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<phpunit xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+         xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="vendor/phpunit/phpunit/phpunit.xsd"
+         bootstrap="tests/bootstrap.php"
+         colors="true"
+         cacheDirectory=".phpunit.cache"
+         executionOrder="depends,defects"
+         requireCoverageMetadata="false"
+         beStrictAboutOutputDuringTests="true"
+         failOnRisky="true"
+         failOnWarning="true">
+    <testsuites>
+        <testsuite name="Unit">
+            <directory>tests/Unit</directory>
+        </testsuite>
+        <testsuite name="Integration">
+            <directory>tests/Integration</directory>
+        </testsuite>
+    </testsuites>
+    <source>
+        <include>
+            <directory suffix=".php">src</directory>
+        </include>
+    </source>
+</phpunit>

src/Libs/Model.php

@@ -176,6 +176,10 @@ class Model
 
             $vars = json_encode(static::$dbQueryVariables);
 
+            if ($resetQuery) {
+                static::resetQuery();
+            }
+
             throw new Exception(
                 "\nError at query to database.\n" .
                 "Query: $query\n" .
@@ -1008,7 +1012,9 @@ class Model
     public static function orderBy(string $value, string $order = 'ASC'): static
     {
         if ($value == "RAND") {
-            static::$dbQuery['orderBy'] = 'RAND()';
+            $random = static::db()->getAttribute(PDO::ATTR_DRIVER_NAME) == 'mysql' ? 'RAND()' : 'RANDOM()';
+            static::$dbQuery['orderBy'] = $random;
+
             return new static();
         }
 
@@ -1098,8 +1104,18 @@ class Model
     public static function search(string $search, ?array $in = null): static
     {
         if ($in == null) {
-            $className = get_called_class();
+            $in         = [];
-            $in = array_keys((new $className())->getVars());
+            $reflection = new \ReflectionClass(get_called_class());
+
+            foreach ($reflection->getProperties(\ReflectionProperty::IS_PUBLIC) as $property) {
+                if (!in_array($property->getName(), static::$dbIgnoreSave)) {
+                    $in[] = static::camelCaseToSnakeCase($property->getName());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (empty($in)) {
+            return new static();
         }
 
         $search = static::bind($search);

src/Libs/Request.php

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 namespace Libs;
 
+use Exception;
+
 /**
  * Request - DuckBrain
  *
@@ -59,39 +61,48 @@ class Request extends Neuron
         }
 
         // Run configured validations
-        if (!$this->validate()) {
+        $this->validate();
-            exit();
-        }
     }
 
     /**
      * Starts the configured validation.
      *
-     * @return bool
+     * On failure the single error message is built with Validator::message()
+     * and handed to onInvalid(), which throws by default: failures travel up
+     * as exceptions instead of answering HTTP here.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     * @throws Exception When a configured rule fails.
      */
-    public function validate(): bool
+    public function validate(): void
     {
         $actual = match ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']) {
             'POST', 'PUT', 'PATCH', 'DELETE' => $this->{strtolower($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'])},
             default => $this->get
         };
 
+        // Merge uploaded files ($_FILES) into the body data set so the file rules
+        // (file/image/mimes and the routed min/max/required...) can validate
+        // uploads through a Request. $this->post is left untouched.
+        $body = empty($_FILES)
+            ? $actual
+            : new Neuron(array_merge(get_object_vars($actual), $_FILES));
+
         if (
             Validator::validateList(static::paramRules(), $this->params) &&
             Validator::validateList(static::getRules(), $this->get) &&
-            Validator::validateList(static::rules(), $actual)
+            Validator::validateList(static::rules(), $body)
         ) {
-            return true;
+            return;
         }
 
-        if (isset(static::messages()[Validator::$lastFailed])) {
+        $error = Validator::message(
-            $error =  static::messages()[Validator::$lastFailed];
+            Validator::$lastFailed,
-        } else {
+            static::messages(),
-            $error = 'Error: validation failed of ' . preg_replace('/\./', ' as ', Validator::$lastFailed, 1);
+            static::attributes()
-        }
+        );
 
         static::onInvalid($error);
-        return false;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -134,16 +145,36 @@ class Request extends Neuron
         return [];
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Human-readable names for the fields.
+     *
+     * Forwarded to Validator::message() so the :attribute marker in the error
+     * text can be replaced with a friendlier name (e.g. "edad" => "la edad").
+     *
+     * @return array
+     */
+    public function attributes(): array
+    {
+        return [];
+    }
+
     /**
      * Function to execute when an invalid value has been detected.
      *
+     * The default implementation always throws a generic \Exception carrying
+     * the single error message and HTTP 422 as its code; the framework's
+     * exception boundary (Router::apply) renders the response. Override it to
+     * throw a more specific exception type instead. The never return type is
+     * the contract: an override that returned would let the request continue
+     * with invalid data, so PHP rejects such an override at compile time.
+     *
      * @param string $error
      *
-     * @return void
+     * @return never
+     * @throws Exception
      */
-    public function onInvalid(string $error): void
+    public function onInvalid(string $error): never
     {
-        http_response_code(422);
+        throw new Exception($error, 422);
-        print($error);
     }
 }

src/Libs/Router.php

@@ -64,6 +64,54 @@ class Router
         echo '<h2 style="text-align: center;margin: 25px 0px;">Error 404 - Page Not Found</h2>';
     }
 
+    /**
+     * The callback function to be executed when the router's boundary
+     * catches an exception thrown anywhere in the matched route chain.
+     * It receives the exception as a named argument: the handler must
+     * declare its parameter as $exception (typeable as \Throwable).
+     *
+     * @var callable $exceptionCallback
+     */
+    public static $exceptionCallback = 'Libs\Router::defaultException';
+
+    /**
+     * Default callback function for exception responses.
+     *
+     * The HTTP status comes from the exception's code only when it is an
+     * integer in the 400-599 range; anything else (0, arbitrary codes, the
+     * SQLSTATE string carried by PDOException) answers 500. The body is
+     * negotiated from the request's Accept header: JSON when the client asks
+     * for application/json, plain text otherwise. The trace is serialized
+     * from getTraceAsString() because json_encode() of a Throwable yields an
+     * empty object: its properties are protected.
+     *
+     * @param \Throwable $exception
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function defaultException(\Throwable $exception): void
+    {
+        $code = $exception->getCode();
+        http_response_code(is_int($code) && $code >= 400 && $code <= 599 ? $code : 500);
+
+        $accept = $_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT'] ?? '';
+
+        if (str_contains($accept, 'application/json')) {
+            header('Content-Type: application/json');
+            print(json_encode([
+                'error'     => $exception->getMessage(),
+                'exception' => get_class($exception),
+                'file'      => $exception->getFile(),
+                'line'      => $exception->getLine(),
+                'trace'     => explode(PHP_EOL, $exception->getTraceAsString()),
+            ]));
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        print($exception->getMessage() . PHP_EOL . $exception->getTraceAsString());
+    }
+
     /**
      * __construct
      */
@@ -136,7 +184,6 @@ class Router
     public static function redirect(string $path): void
     {
         header('Location: ' . static::basePath() . ltrim($path, '/'));
-        exit;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -363,12 +410,19 @@ class Router
     /**
      * Applies the route configuration.
      *
+     * This method is the framework's error boundary: any \Throwable thrown
+     * while running the matched route's callback chain, while printing the
+     * returned data, or while resolving the not-found callback is caught
+     * here and rendered through $exceptionCallback. A failing handler is
+     * deliberately left uncaught (double failure falls back to PHP itself).
+     *
      * @param string|null $path (optional) Path to use. If not defined, it detects the current path.
      *
      * @return void
      */
     public static function apply(?string $path = null): void
     {
+        try {
             $path    = $path ?? static::currentPath();
             $routers = match ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']) { // Selects an array of routers based on the method
                 'POST'   => static::$post,
@@ -408,5 +462,8 @@ class Router
 
             // If no router matches, call $notFoundCallBack
             Synapsis::resolve(static::$notFoundCallback);
+        } catch (\Throwable $exception) {
+            Synapsis::resolve(static::$exceptionCallback, ['exception' => $exception]);
+        }
     }
 }

src/Libs/Synapsis.php

@@ -66,11 +66,13 @@ class Synapsis
      * Resolves and injects dependencies for a callable and returns its result.
      *
      * @param callable             $action
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $named  Associative array of values injected into the callable's
+     *                                     parameters by exact name match. Consumed in resolveParameterValues().
      *
      * @return mixed
      * @throws Exception If an unhandled callable type is provided.
      */
-    public static function resolve(callable $action): mixed
+    public static function resolve(callable $action, array $named = []): mixed
     {
         if ($action instanceof Closure) { // If it's an anonymous function
             $reflectionCallback = new ReflectionFunction($action);
@@ -90,7 +92,7 @@ class Synapsis
         // Get the parameters
         return call_user_func_array(
             $action,
-            static::resolveParameterValues($reflectionCallback->getParameters())
+            static::resolveParameterValues($reflectionCallback->getParameters(), $named)
         );
     }
 
@@ -132,11 +134,15 @@ class Synapsis
      * Resolves parameter values by injecting dependencies.
      *
      * @param array<ReflectionParameter> $parameters
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $named
+     *                                   Values injected into parameters whose name matches the key,
+     *                                   taking precedence over optional defaults and DI resolution.
+     *                                   Keys matching no parameter are ignored.
      *
      * @return array<mixed>
      * @throws Exception    If a primitive parameter does not have a default value.
      */
-    public static function resolveParameterValues(array $parameters): array
+    public static function resolveParameterValues(array $parameters, array $named = []): array
     {
         $values = [];
         foreach ($parameters as $parameter) {
@@ -144,6 +150,11 @@ class Synapsis
                 continue;
             }
 
+            if (array_key_exists($parameter->getName(), $named)) { // Named values win over defaults and DI
+                $values[] = $named[$parameter->getName()];
+                continue;
+            }
+
             if ($parameter->isOptional()) { // Always use the default value first
                 $values[] = $parameter->getDefaultValue();
                 continue;

src/Libs/Validator.php

@@ -7,27 +7,49 @@ use Exception;
 /**
  * Validator - DuckBrain
  *
- * Complementary library to the Request library.
+ * Complementary library to the Request library. Simplifies value verification.
- * Simplifies value verification.
+ * It can validate both individual rules and batches (see validateList()).
  *
- * It has the ability to verify both individual rules and in batches.
+ * Model: a batch stops at the FIRST failing rule and records it in
+ * $lastFailed as "field.rule[:args]"; there is no error bag. Use message() to
+ * turn a $lastFailed into a human message with the :attribute placeholder
+ * (Request::validate() already does this for its single HTTP 422 error).
  *
- * |----------+--------------------------------------------------------|
+ * Rules are a pipe-separated list per field, e.g. "required|email", with
- * | Rule     | Description                                            |
+ * optional arguments after a colon. The file rules (file/image/mimes) mark a
- * |----------+--------------------------------------------------------|
+ * field as a "file field"; in that case min/max/between/size measure kilobytes
- * | not      | Negates the next rule. Ex: not:float                   |
+ * per upload and required/nullable act on uploads. Files are checked against
- * | exists   | Is required; must be defined and can be empty          |
+ * their real, sniffed MIME type - never the file name or the client type.
- * | required | Is required; must be defined and not empty             |
- * | number   | Is numeric                                             |
- * | int      | Is an integer                                          |
- * | float    | Is a float                                             |
- * | bool     | Is a boolean                                           |
- * | email    | Is an email                                            |
- * | enum     | Is in a list of values. Ex: enum:admin,user,guest      |
- * | url      | Is a valid URL                                         |
- * |----------+--------------------------------------------------------|
  *
- * Rule lists are separated by |, e.g., required|email
+ * |---------------+---------------+---------------------------------------------|
+ * | Rule          | Arguments     | Description                                 |
+ * |---------------+---------------+---------------------------------------------|
+ * | not           | :rule         | Negates the following rule. Ex: not:float   |
+ * | exists        |               | Must be defined (may be empty)              |
+ * | required      |               | Must be defined and not empty               |
+ * | nullable      |               | Allows empty; skips the field's other rules |
+ * | string        |               | Must be a string                            |
+ * | array         |               | Must be an array                            |
+ * | number        |               | Must be numeric                             |
+ * | int           |               | Must be an integer                          |
+ * | float         |               | Must be a float                             |
+ * | bool          |               | Must be a boolean                           |
+ * | email         |               | Must be a valid email address               |
+ * | url           |               | Must be a valid URL                         |
+ * | date          |               | Must be a parseable date                    |
+ * | regex         | :pattern      | Must match a PCRE pattern (with delimiters) |
+ * | in            | :a,b,c        | Must be one of the listed values            |
+ * | min           | :n            | Length/number/count min (files: KB)         |
+ * | max           | :n            | Length/number/count max (files: KB)         |
+ * | between       | :min,:max     | Value within range (files: KB per upload)   |
+ * | size          | :n            | Exact length/number/count (files: KB)       |
+ * | confirmed     |               | Must match the '<field>_confirmation' field |
+ * | required_with | :fields       | Required when a listed field is present     |
+ * | required_if   | :field,:value | Required when a field equals a value        |
+ * | file          |               | Value must be an uploaded file ($_FILES)    |
+ * | image         |               | Uploaded file must be an image (real MIME)  |
+ * | mimes         | :ext,ext      | Uploaded file's real MIME must match        |
+ * |---------------+---------------+---------------------------------------------|
  *
  * @author KJ
  * @website https://kj2.me
@@ -52,6 +74,189 @@ class Validator
      */
     private const DATA_AWARE_RULES = ['confirmed', 'required_with', 'required_if'];
 
+    /**
+     * Rules whose mere presence marks a field as a "file field". When a field's
+     * rule list contains any of these, the shared rules below are routed to
+     * their file-specific variants (see checkRule / validateList).
+     *
+     * @var string[]
+     */
+    private const FILE_MARKER_RULES = ['file', 'image', 'mimes'];
+
+    /**
+     * Shared rules that gain file semantics (kilobytes / upload presence) and
+     * are therefore dispatched to `file_<rule>()` for a file field.
+     *
+     * @var string[]
+     */
+    private const FILE_AWARE_RULES = ['min', 'max', 'between', 'size', 'required', 'nullable'];
+
+    /**
+     * Default error message template for each rule, used by message() to build
+     * the text for the first failing rule.
+     *
+     * Supported placeholders:
+     * |------------+--------------------------------------------------|
+     * | Marker     | Replaced with                                    |
+     * |------------+--------------------------------------------------|
+     * | :attribute | attributes[campo] if given, else the field name  |
+     * | :min       | the min/between lower bound                      |
+     * | :max       | the max/between upper bound                      |
+     * | :size      | the size rule value                              |
+     * | :value     | the required_if expected value                   |
+     * | :other     | the required_if companion field / confirmation   |
+     * | :values    | a comma list (in, mimes, required_with)          |
+     * |----------+----------------------------------------------------|
+     *
+     * @var array<string,string>
+     */
+    public static array $messageTemplates = [
+        'not'          => 'The :attribute is not valid.',
+        'exists'       => 'The :attribute field is missing.',
+        'required'     => 'The :attribute field is required.',
+        'number'       => 'The :attribute must be a number.',
+        'int'          => 'The :attribute must be an integer.',
+        'float'        => 'The :attribute must be a float.',
+        'bool'         => 'The :attribute must be a boolean.',
+        'string'       => 'The :attribute must be a string.',
+        'array'        => 'The :attribute must be an array.',
+        'email'        => 'The :attribute must be a valid email address.',
+        'url'          => 'The :attribute must be a valid URL.',
+        'in'           => 'The selected :attribute is invalid. Allowed: :values.',
+        'min'          => 'The :attribute must be at least :min.',
+        'max'          => 'The :attribute must not be greater than :max.',
+        'between'      => 'The :attribute must be between :min and :max.',
+        'size'         => 'The :attribute must be exactly :size.',
+        'regex'        => 'The :attribute format is invalid.',
+        'date'         => 'The :attribute is not a valid date.',
+        'confirmed'    => 'The :attribute confirmation does not match.',
+        'required_with' => 'The :attribute field is required when :values is present.',
+        'required_if'   => 'The :attribute field is required when :other is :value.',
+        'nullable'      => 'The :attribute field may be null.',
+        'file'          => 'The :attribute must be a file.',
+        'image'         => 'The :attribute must be an image.',
+        'mimes'         => 'The :attribute must be a file of type: :values.',
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Known MIME types per file extension, used by the mimes rule to compare
+     * the detected (real) MIME type of an upload against the allowed list.
+     *
+     * An extension maps to a set because different systems report slightly
+     * different types for the same format (e.g. "jpg" => image/jpeg/pjpeg).
+     * Public so applications can add formats without touching the library.
+     *
+     * @var array<string,string[]>
+     */
+    public static array $mimeTypes = [
+        'jpg'   => ['image/jpeg', 'image/pjpeg'],
+        'jpeg'  => ['image/jpeg', 'image/pjpeg'],
+        'png'   => ['image/png'],
+        'gif'   => ['image/gif'],
+        'bmp'   => ['image/bmp', 'image/x-ms-bmp'],
+        'webp'  => ['image/webp'],
+        'svg'   => ['image/svg+xml'],
+        'ico'   => ['image/vnd.microsoft.icon', 'image/x-icon'],
+        'tif'   => ['image/tiff'],
+        'tiff'  => ['image/tiff'],
+        'pdf'   => ['application/pdf'],
+        'txt'   => ['text/plain'],
+        'csv'   => ['text/plain', 'text/csv', 'application/csv'],
+        'json'  => ['application/json'],
+        'html'  => ['text/html'],
+        'xml'   => ['text/xml', 'application/xml', 'text/plain'],
+        'mp3'   => ['audio/mpeg', 'audio/mp3'],
+        'wav'   => ['audio/wav', 'audio/x-wav'],
+        'ogg'   => ['audio/ogg', 'application/ogg'],
+        'flac'  => ['audio/flac', 'audio/x-flac'],
+        'mp4'   => ['video/mp4'],
+        'm4a'   => ['audio/mp4', 'video/mp4'],
+        'webm'  => ['video/webm'],
+        'mov'   => ['video/quicktime'],
+        'avi'   => ['video/x-msvideo', 'video/avi'],
+        'zip'   => ['application/zip', 'application/x-zip', 'application/x-zip-compressed'],
+        'gz'    => ['application/gzip', 'application/x-gzip'],
+        'tar'   => ['application/x-tar'],
+        'rar'   => ['application/vnd.rar', 'application/x-rar-compressed', 'application/rar'],
+        '7z'    => ['application/x-7z-compressed'],
+        'doc'   => ['application/msword'],
+        'docx'  => ['application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document'],
+        'xls'   => ['application/vnd.ms-excel'],
+        'xlsx'  => ['application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet'],
+        'ppt'   => ['application/vnd.ms-powerpoint'],
+        'pptx'  => ['application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation'],
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Builds the human-readable message for a single failed validation.
+     *
+     * Pure helper: it only reads its arguments and never reads nor writes
+     * $lastFailed or any other state. Request::validate() uses it to produce
+     * the single error message it sends, forwarding its messages() and
+     * attributes() maps; it can also be called directly by controllers.
+     *
+     * Resolution order for the message text:
+     *   1. $messages[$lastFailed]         override by full "field.rule:args"
+     *   2. $messages["field.rule"]        override by "field.rule" (no args)
+     *   3. $messageTemplates[rule]        default for the rule
+     * Placeholders are then substituted in whichever text was chosen.
+     *
+     * @param string $lastFailed The "field.rule[:args]" produced by validateList().
+     * @param array  $messages   Optional per-field overrides.
+     * @param array  $attributes Optional human field names ("field" => "Field").
+     *
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public static function message(string $lastFailed, array $messages = [], array $attributes = []): string
+    {
+        $separator = strpos($lastFailed, '.');
+
+        if ($separator === false) {
+            return 'The :attribute is invalid.';
+        }
+
+        $target  = substr($lastFailed, 0, $separator);
+        $ruleStr = substr($lastFailed, $separator + 1);
+        [$rule, $rawArguments] = static::parseRule($ruleStr);
+
+        $text = $messages[$lastFailed]
+            ?? $messages[$target . '.' . $rule]
+            ?? (static::$messageTemplates[$rule] ?? 'The :attribute is invalid.');
+
+        $replace = [
+            ':attribute' => $attributes[$target] ?? $target,
+        ];
+
+        $args = static::splitArguments($rule, $rawArguments);
+
+        switch ($rule) {
+            case 'min':
+                $replace[':min'] = $args[0] ?? '';
+                break;
+            case 'max':
+                $replace[':max'] = $args[0] ?? '';
+                break;
+            case 'between':
+                $replace[':min'] = $args[0] ?? '';
+                $replace[':max'] = $args[1] ?? '';
+                break;
+            case 'size':
+                $replace[':size'] = $args[0] ?? '';
+                break;
+            case 'in':
+            case 'mimes':
+            case 'required_with':
+                $replace[':values'] = implode(', ', $args);
+                break;
+            case 'required_if':
+                $replace[':other'] = $args[0] ?? '';
+                $replace[':value'] = $args[1] ?? '';
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return strtr($text, $replace);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Validates a list of rules against the properties of an object.
      *
@@ -65,13 +270,23 @@ class Validator
         foreach ($rulesList as $target => $rules) {
             $rules = preg_split('/\|/', $rules);
             $value = $haystack->{$target};
+            $ruleNames = array_map(static fn ($r) => static::parseRule($r)[0], $rules);
+            $isFileField = array_intersect($ruleNames, self::FILE_MARKER_RULES) !== [];
 
-            if (in_array('nullable', $rules, true) && static::isEmpty($value)) {
+            if (in_array('nullable', $ruleNames, true)) {
+                $empty = $isFileField
+                    ? !static::hasUploadedFile($value)
+                    : static::isEmpty($value);
+
+                if ($empty) {
                     continue;
                 }
+            }
+
+            $ruleValidator = $isFileField ? 'checkFileRule' : 'checkRule';
 
             foreach ($rules as $rule) {
-                if (static::checkRule($value, $rule, $target, $haystack)) {
+                if (static::$ruleValidator($value, $rule, $target, $haystack)) {
                     continue;
                 }
                 static::$lastFailed = $target . '.' . $rule;
@@ -90,7 +305,7 @@ class Validator
      * arguments legitimately contain ':' or ',' - such as regex or mimes -
      * are preserved intact. The caller decides how to split the arguments.
      *
-     * @param string $rule The rule to parse. Ex: "regex:/^a,b$/" or "enum:a,b".
+     * @param string $rule The rule to parse. Ex: "regex:/^a,b$/" or "in:a,b".
      *
      * @return array A two element array: [name, rawArguments]. When the rule
      *               has no parameters, rawArguments is an empty string.
@@ -107,22 +322,81 @@ class Validator
     }
 
     /**
-     * Checks if a rule is met.
+     * Checks if a scalar rule is met.
      *
      * @param mixed       $subject  The value to verify.
      * @param string      $rule     The rule to test.
-     * @param string|null $field    Optional name of the field being validated.
+     * @param string|null $field    Optional name of the field being validated
-     *                              Required by "data-aware" rules to locate sibling fields.
+     *                              (used by "data-aware" rules to locate siblings).
-     * @param mixed       $haystack Optional full data set (Neuron or array) the
+     * @param mixed       $haystack Optional full data set (Neuron or array).
-     *                              subject belongs to. Also used by data-aware rules.
      *
      * @return bool
      * @throws Exception If the rule is not callable.
      */
-    public static function checkRule(mixed $subject, string $rule, ?string $field = null, mixed $haystack = null): bool
+    public static function checkRule(
-    {
+        mixed $subject,
+        string $rule,
+        ?string $field = null,
+        mixed $haystack = null
+    ): bool {
         [$name, $rawArguments] = static::parseRule($rule);
 
+        return static::callRuleMethod($name, $rawArguments, $subject, $field, $haystack);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Variant of checkRule() for file fields.
+     *
+     * Shares the same dispatch but reroutes the size-based and presence rules
+     * (see FILE_AWARE_RULES) to their `file_*` counterparts, so min/max/between/
+     * size work on kilobytes and required works on uploads. Marker rules
+     * (file/image/mimes) and everything else run unchanged.
+     *
+     * @param mixed       $subject  The value to verify (a $_FILES entry).
+     * @param string      $rule     The rule to test.
+     * @param string|null $field    Name of the field being validated.
+     * @param mixed       $haystack The full data set (Neuron or array).
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     * @throws Exception If the rule is not callable.
+     */
+    public static function checkFileRule(
+        mixed $subject,
+        string $rule,
+        ?string $field = null,
+        mixed $haystack = null
+    ): bool {
+        [$name, $rawArguments] = static::parseRule($rule);
+
+        if (in_array($name, self::FILE_AWARE_RULES, true)) {
+            $name = 'file_' . $name;
+        }
+
+        return static::callRuleMethod($name, $rawArguments, $subject, $field, $haystack);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resolves a rule name to its method and invokes it with the right arguments.
+     *
+     * Data-aware rules receive the field name and haystack; every other rule gets
+     * just the subject plus its comma-split arguments.
+     *
+     * @param string      $name         The resolved rule/method name.
+     * @param string      $rawArguments Raw argument string from parseRule().
+     * @param mixed       $subject      The value being validated.
+     * @param string|null $field        Field name (for data-aware rules).
+     * @param mixed       $haystack     Full data set (for data-aware rules).
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     * @throws Exception If the rule is not callable.
+     */
+    private static function callRuleMethod(
+        string $name,
+        string $rawArguments,
+        mixed $subject,
+        ?string $field,
+        mixed $haystack
+    ): bool {
         $method = [static::class, $name];
 
         if (in_array($name, self::DATA_AWARE_RULES, true)) {
@@ -145,7 +419,7 @@ class Validator
      * Splits a rule's raw argument string into the arguments to pass to the
      * rule's method (the subject is not included).
      *
-     * Most rules take a comma-separated list of values (e.g. "enum:a,b").
+     * Most rules take a comma-separated list of values (e.g. "in:a,b").
      * A few rules receive an argument that must be kept intact because it can
      * legitimately contain commas or colons: "regex" (a pattern) and "not"
      * (a sub-rule that is itself parsed recursively). An empty argument string
@@ -443,6 +717,7 @@ class Validator
         return static::readField($haystack, $field . '_confirmation') === $subject;
     }
 
+    // phpcs:disable PSR1.Methods.CamelCapsMethodName.NotCamelCaps
     /**
      * Requires the field only when at least one of the listed fields is present.
      *
@@ -535,11 +810,187 @@ class Validator
      *
      * @return bool
      */
-    public static function enum(mixed $subject, ...$values): bool
+    public static function in(mixed $subject, ...$values): bool
     {
         return in_array($subject, $values);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Checks that the value contains at least one successfully uploaded file.
+     *
+     * Presence is enforced by this rule itself: if nothing was uploaded (or the
+     * value is not a file descriptor) it fails. Make a file field optional with
+     * the `nullable` rule. An upload that errored (size limit, partial, ...) also
+     * fails.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $subject The value to check (a $_FILES entry, single or multi).
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public static function file(mixed $subject): bool
+    {
+        $uploads = static::asFile($subject);
+
+        if ($uploads === null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $present = false;
+
+        foreach ($uploads as $upload) {
+            if ($upload['error'] === UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $present = true;
+
+            if ($upload['error'] !== UPLOAD_ERR_OK || $upload['name'] === '') {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $present;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks that every uploaded file is an image (by its real MIME type).
+     *
+     * @param mixed $subject The value to check (a $_FILES entry, single or multi).
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public static function image(mixed $subject): bool
+    {
+        return static::everyUploadedMime(
+            $subject,
+            static fn (string $mime): bool => str_starts_with($mime, 'image/')
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks that every uploaded file matches one of the allowed extensions.
+     *
+     * The extension list is translated to the set of MIME types it stands for
+     * (via $mimeTypes) and compared against each file's real, sniffed MIME type
+     * - never the client-declared type nor the file name.
+     *
+     * @param mixed  $subject       The value to check (a $_FILES entry, single or multi).
+     * @param string ...$extensions Allowed extensions, e.g. "jpg", "png".
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public static function mimes(mixed $subject, ...$extensions): bool
+    {
+        $allowed = [];
+
+        foreach ($extensions as $extension) {
+            foreach (static::$mimeTypes[strtolower(trim($extension))] ?? [] as $mime) {
+                $allowed[$mime] = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $allowedTypes = array_keys($allowed);
+
+        return static::everyUploadedMime(
+            $subject,
+            static fn (string $mime): bool => in_array($mime, $allowedTypes, true)
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * File-field variant of `min`: every uploaded file must be at least $min KB.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $subject The value to check (a $_FILES entry, single or multi).
+     * @param mixed $min     Minimum size in kilobytes.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public static function file_min(mixed $subject, mixed $min): bool
+    {
+        $min = (float) $min;
+
+        return static::everyUploadedSize($subject, static fn (float $kb): bool => $kb >= $min);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * File-field variant of `max`: every uploaded file must be at most $max KB.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $subject The value to check (a $_FILES entry, single or multi).
+     * @param mixed $max     Maximum size in kilobytes.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public static function file_max(mixed $subject, mixed $max): bool
+    {
+        $max = (float) $max;
+
+        return static::everyUploadedSize($subject, static fn (float $kb): bool => $kb <= $max);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * File-field variant of `between`: every uploaded file must be between $min
+     * and $max kilobytes.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $subject The value to check (a $_FILES entry, single or multi).
+     * @param mixed $min     Lower bound in KB.
+     * @param mixed $max     Upper bound in KB.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public static function file_between(mixed $subject, mixed $min, mixed $max): bool
+    {
+        $min = (float) $min;
+        $max = (float) $max;
+
+        return static::everyUploadedSize(
+            $subject,
+            static fn (float $kb): bool => $kb >= $min && $kb <= $max
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * File-field variant of `size`: every uploaded file must be exactly $size KB.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $subject The value to check (a $_FILES entry, single or multi).
+     * @param mixed $size    Exact size in kilobytes.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public static function file_size(mixed $subject, mixed $size): bool
+    {
+        $size = (float) $size;
+
+        return static::everyUploadedSize($subject, static fn (float $kb): bool => $kb === $size);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * File-field variant of `required`: at least one file must be uploaded.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $subject The value to check (a $_FILES entry, single or multi).
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public static function file_required(mixed $subject): bool
+    {
+        return static::hasUploadedFile($subject);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * File-field marker for `nullable`.
+     *
+     * As a rule it always passes; the skip decision for a file field lives in
+     * validateList(), which treats a file field as empty when no upload came in
+     * (see hasUploadedFile()).
+     *
+     * @param mixed $subject The value to check.
+     *
+     * @return bool Always true.
+     */
+    public static function file_nullable(mixed $subject): bool
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Reads a field from a data set that may be a Neuron object or an array.
      *
@@ -570,7 +1021,9 @@ class Validator
      *
      * Matches the conventional definition: null, an empty string or an empty
      * array. Note that, unlike PHP's empty(), "0" and 0 are NOT treated as
-     * empty so they cannot silently bypass a required-style rule.
+     * empty so they cannot silently bypass a required-style rule. File fields
+     * have their own emptiness predicate (hasUploadedFile) used by the file
+     * routing in validateList(); this helper stays scalar.
      *
      * @param mixed $value The value to test.
      *
@@ -580,4 +1033,223 @@ class Validator
     {
         return $value === null || $value === '' || $value === [];
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Detects and normalizes a file upload value into a list of descriptors.
+     *
+     * A value is treated as an uploaded file when it is an array with the shape
+     * of a $_FILES entry, i.e. it defines at least the `name`, `tmp_name` and
+     * `error` keys. Both single uploads and multi-file uploads (input name="x[]",
+     * where every key is an array) are supported. Each returned descriptor always
+     * carries name, type, tmp_name, error and size with safe defaults, so the
+     * file rules can rely on every key. Non-file values return null.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $subject The value to inspect.
+     *
+     * @return array|null A list of normalized descriptors, or null when not a file.
+     */
+    private static function asFile(mixed $subject): ?array
+    {
+        if (
+            !is_array($subject) ||
+            !isset($subject['name'], $subject['tmp_name'], $subject['error'])
+        ) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($subject['name'])) {
+            return static::asFileList($subject);
+        }
+
+        return [[
+            'name'     => (string) $subject['name'],
+            'type'     => (string) ($subject['type'] ?? ''),
+            'tmp_name' => (string) $subject['tmp_name'],
+            'error'    => (int) $subject['error'],
+            'size'     => (int) ($subject['size'] ?? 0),
+        ]];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Zips a multi-file $_FILES entry (parallel arrays) into a list of single
+     * file descriptors. The number of files is taken from the `name` array and
+     * the other arrays are read index by index with safe defaults.
+     *
+     * @param array $subject The raw multi-file $_FILES entry.
+     *
+     * @return array The list of normalized descriptors.
+     */
+    private static function asFileList(array $subject): array
+    {
+        $names = array_values($subject['name']);
+        $read  = static function ($key, int $index) {
+            $values = is_array($key) ? array_values($key) : [];
+
+            return $values[$index] ?? null;
+        };
+
+        $files = [];
+
+        foreach ($names as $index => $name) {
+            $files[] = [
+                'name'     => (string) $name,
+                'type'     => (string) ($read($subject['type'] ?? [], $index) ?? ''),
+                'tmp_name' => (string) ($read($subject['tmp_name'], $index) ?? ''),
+                'error'    => (int) ($read($subject['error'], $index) ?? UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE),
+                'size'     => (int) ($read($subject['size'] ?? [], $index) ?? 0),
+            ];
+        }
+
+        return $files;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Determines the real MIME type of an uploaded file by sniffing its content
+     * with finfo, ignoring the client-declared `type` and the file `name`.
+     *
+     * Returns null when the file cannot be inspected (empty/missing path or the
+     * fileinfo extension is unavailable).
+     *
+     * @param array $descriptor A normalized file descriptor from asFile().
+     *
+     * @return string|null
+     */
+    private static function realMime(array $descriptor): ?string
+    {
+        $path = $descriptor['tmp_name'] ?? '';
+
+        if ($path === '' || !is_file($path) || !class_exists(\finfo::class)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $finfo = new \finfo(FILEINFO_MIME_TYPE);
+        $mime  = $finfo->file($path);
+
+        return $mime === false ? null : $mime;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Applies a MIME predicate to every uploaded file of a value.
+     *
+     * Presence is enforced: fails when the value is not a file descriptor, when
+     * no upload was actually provided, when a present upload errored, or when a
+     * present upload's real (sniffed) MIME type is unknown or does not satisfy
+     * $check. Make a file field optional with the `nullable` rule.
+     *
+     * @param mixed    $subject The value to inspect.
+     * @param callable $check   Predicate receiving the real MIME type: fn(string): bool.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    private static function everyUploadedMime(mixed $subject, callable $check): bool
+    {
+        $uploads = static::asFile($subject);
+
+        if ($uploads === null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        $present = false;
+
+        foreach ($uploads as $upload) {
+            if ($upload['error'] === UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $present = true;
+
+            if ($upload['error'] !== UPLOAD_ERR_OK || $upload['name'] === '') {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            $mime = static::realMime($upload);
+
+            if ($mime === null || $check($mime) === false) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $present;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sizes (in KB) of the present uploads of a value, or null when it is not a
+     * file. Absent uploads are skipped, so a field with no file yields an empty
+     * list. Division is forced to float so exact-KB sizes compare cleanly.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $subject The value to measure.
+     *
+     * @return float[]|null
+     */
+    private static function fileSizesKb(mixed $subject): ?array
+    {
+        $uploads = static::asFile($subject);
+
+        if ($uploads === null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $sizes = [];
+
+        foreach ($uploads as $upload) {
+            if ($upload['error'] === UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE || $upload['name'] === '') {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $sizes[] = (float) ($upload['size'] / 1024);
+        }
+
+        return $sizes;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks that the value is a file and that every present upload satisfies
+     * $check. Fails when the value is not a file descriptor; an empty set of
+     * present uploads passes (presence belongs to the file rules).
+     *
+     * @param mixed    $subject The value to inspect.
+     * @param callable $check   Predicate receiving a size in KB: fn(float): bool.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    private static function everyUploadedSize(mixed $subject, callable $check): bool
+    {
+        $sizes = static::fileSizesKb($subject);
+
+        if ($sizes === null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($sizes as $kb) {
+            if ($check($kb) === false) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks whether a value carries at least one successfully uploaded file.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $subject The value to inspect.
+     *
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    private static function hasUploadedFile(mixed $subject): bool
+    {
+        $uploads = static::asFile($subject);
+
+        if ($uploads === null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($uploads as $upload) {
+            if ($upload['error'] !== UPLOAD_ERR_NO_FILE && $upload['name'] !== '') {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
 }

tests/Factories/Factory.php

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Factories;
+
+use Faker\Factory as FakerFactory;
+use Faker\Generator;
+
+/**
+ * Factory - DuckBrain testing
+ *
+ * Clase base para crear fábricas de datos de prueba. Cada subclase
+ * define los atributos por defecto de un modelo y construye su
+ * instancia.
+ *
+ * @author KJ
+ * @website https://kj2.me
+ * @license MIT
+ */
+abstract class Factory
+{
+    protected static ?Generator $fake = null;
+
+    /**
+     * Devuelve una instancia de Faker (singleton por fábrica).
+     */
+    protected static function faker(): Generator
+    {
+        return static::$fake ??= FakerFactory::create();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fusiona los atributos por defecto con los indicados.
+     *
+     * @param  array<string, mixed>  $attributes
+     * @return array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    protected static function attributes(array $attributes = []): array
+    {
+        return array_merge(static::definition(), $attributes);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Atributos por defecto de la fábrica.
+     *
+     * @return array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    abstract protected static function definition(): array;
+
+    /**
+     * Crea una instancia del modelo con los atributos dados.
+     *
+     * @param  array<string, mixed>  $attributes
+     */
+    abstract public static function create(array $attributes = []): object;
+}

tests/Integration/ModelCrudTest.php

@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Integration;
+
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
+use DateTime;
+use Libs\Database;
+use PDO;
+use ReflectionMethod;
+use Tests\Models\User;
+use Tests\TestCase;
+
+/**
+ * ModelCrudTest - DuckBrain integration matrix
+ *
+ * Family: db, getInstance, getVars, className, table, add, save (new vs
+ * existing), update, delete, getById, getFirst, all, markAsSaved.
+ *
+ * Engine caveats respected here: all()/getFirst() carry no ORDER BY, so
+ * every assertion targets a specific id or a tally of rows created by this
+ * class. Rows accumulate across tests on persistent engines; nothing may
+ * assume an empty table.
+ */
+#[Group('integration')]
+final class ModelCrudTest extends TestCase
+{
+    /** @var list<int> Ids created by this test class (tally for counts). */
+    private static array $saved = [];
+
+    private static function schema(): void
+    {
+        self::createTable('users', [
+            'id'         => 'pk',
+            'username'   => 'string',
+            'email'      => 'string',
+            'bio'        => 'text',
+            'age'        => 'number',
+            'is_active'  => 'bool',
+            'last_login' => 'timestamp',
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    private static function freshUser(): User
+    {
+        $n = count(self::$saved) + 1;
+
+        $user = new User();
+        $user->username  = 'user' . $n;
+        $user->email     = 'user' . $n . '@duckbrain.dev';
+        $user->bio       = 'bio ' . $n;
+        $user->age       = 20 + $n;
+        $user->isActive  = true;
+        $user->lastLogin = new DateTime('2026-09-05 10:00:00');
+        $user->save();
+
+        self::$saved[] = $user->id;
+
+        return $user;
+    }
+
+    private static function call(mixed $scope, string $method, array $args = []): mixed
+    {
+        return (new ReflectionMethod($scope, $method))->invokeArgs(is_object($scope) ? $scope : null, $args);
+    }
+
+    /** @return list<int> */
+    private static function idsOf(array $instances): array
+    {
+        $ids = array_map(static fn (User $u): int => (int) $u->id, $instances);
+        sort($ids);
+
+        return $ids;
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function classNameAndTableAreDerivedFromTheClass(): void
+    {
+        self::schema();
+
+        $this->assertSame('User', User::className());
+        $this->assertSame('users', self::call(User::class, 'table'));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function dbIsTheSharedSingletonConnection(): void
+    {
+        self::schema();
+
+        $pdo = self::call(User::class, 'db');
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(PDO::class, $pdo);
+        $this->assertSame($pdo, self::call(User::class, 'db'));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function saveInsertsThenUpdatesWithoutDuplicating(): void
+    {
+        self::schema();
+        $user = self::freshUser();
+
+        $this->assertGreaterThan(0, $user->id);
+        $this->assertCount(1, User::where('id', $user->id)->get());
+
+        $user->email = 'changed@duckbrain.dev';
+        $user->age   = 40;
+        $user->save();
+
+        $found = User::getById($user->id);
+        $this->assertSame('changed@duckbrain.dev', $found->email);
+        $this->assertSame(40, $found->age);
+        $this->assertCount(1, User::where('id', $user->id)->get(), 'second save() must UPDATE, not INSERT');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function typedPropertiesSurviveTheRoundTrip(): void
+    {
+        self::schema();
+        $user = self::freshUser();
+        $user->email = null;
+        $user->save();
+
+        $found = User::getById($user->id);
+
+        $this->assertIsInt($found->id);
+        $this->assertNull($found->email, 'nullable typed property must hydrate back as null');
+        $this->assertIsInt($found->age);
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(DateTime::class, $found->lastLogin);
+        $this->assertTrue($found->isActive);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function getByIdReturnsNullForMissingRows(): void
+    {
+        self::schema();
+
+        $this->assertNull(User::getById(99999));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function getFirstRespectsTheWhereCondition(): void
+    {
+        self::schema();
+        $user = self::freshUser();
+
+        $found = User::where('id', $user->id)->getFirst();
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(User::class, $found);
+        $this->assertSame($user->id, $found->id);
+
+        $this->assertNull(User::where('id', 99999)->getFirst());
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function allReturnsEveryInstanceOfThisClass(): void
+    {
+        self::schema();
+        $a = self::freshUser();
+        $b = self::freshUser();
+
+        $all = self::idsOf(User::all());
+
+        $this->assertContains($a->id, $all);
+        $this->assertContains($b->id, $all);
+
+        // Defect-tolerant tally: rows deleted by other tests must not count.
+        $mine = [];
+        foreach (self::$saved as $id) {
+            if (User::getById($id) !== null) {
+                $mine[] = $id;
+            }
+        }
+        sort($mine);
+
+        $this->assertSame($mine, $all, 'all() must match exactly the live rows created by this class');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function deleteRemovesTheRow(): void
+    {
+        self::schema();
+        $user = self::freshUser();
+
+        $user->delete();
+
+        $this->assertNull(User::getById($user->id));
+        $this->assertNotContains($user->id, self::idsOf(User::all()));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function markAsSavedTurnsTheNextSaveIntoAnUpdate(): void
+    {
+        self::schema();
+        self::freshUser();
+        $before = count(User::all());
+
+        $ghost = new User();
+        $ghost->id       = 900;
+        $ghost->username = 'ghost';
+        $ghost->markAsSaved();
+        $ghost->save();
+
+        $this->assertNull(User::getById(900), 'markAsSaved() must prevent INSERT even with a manual id');
+        $this->assertCount($before, User::all());
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function getVarsExposesSnakeCasedCastColumns(): void
+    {
+        self::schema();
+        $user = self::freshUser();
+
+        $vars = self::call($user, 'getVars');
+
+        $this->assertSame(
+            ['age', 'bio', 'email', 'id', 'is_active', 'last_login', 'username'],
+            (static function (array $keys): array {
+                sort($keys);
+
+                return $keys;
+            })(array_keys($vars))
+        );
+        $this->assertSame('2026-09-05 10:00:00', $vars['last_login']);
+        $this->assertIsBool($vars['is_active']);
+    }
+}

tests/Integration/ModelFailureTest.php

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Integration;
+
+use Exception;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
+use ReflectionMethod;
+use Tests\Models\User;
+use Tests\TestCase;
+
+/**
+ * ModelFailureTest - DuckBrain integration matrix
+ *
+ * Family: query-failure state handling (findings F2 / spec model).
+ *
+ * All contamination is provoked and observed INSIDE a single test: the
+ * harness-wide resetQuery guard in Tests\TestCase::setUp() protects the
+ * next test, never the current one, so these assertions depend solely on
+ * Model::query()'s own bookkeeping.
+ */
+#[Group('integration')]
+final class ModelFailureTest extends TestCase
+{
+    /** @var list<int> */
+    private static array $ids = [];
+
+    private const BAD_SQL = 'SELECT * FROM table_that_does_not_exist';
+
+    public static function setUpBeforeClass(): void
+    {
+        self::createTable('users', [
+            'id'         => 'pk',
+            'username'   => 'string',
+            'email'      => 'string',
+            'bio'        => 'text',
+            'age'        => 'number',
+            'is_active'  => 'bool',
+            'last_login' => 'timestamp',
+        ]);
+
+        foreach (['fer', 'fiona', 'frog'] as $name) {
+            $user = new User();
+            $user->username = $name;
+            $user->email    = $name . '@duckbrain.dev';
+            $user->age      = 33;
+            $user->save();
+            self::$ids[] = (int) $user->id;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static function runQuery(string $sql, bool $resetQuery = true): void
+    {
+        (new ReflectionMethod(User::class, 'query'))->invokeArgs(null, [$sql, $resetQuery]);
+    }
+
+    private static function currentSql(): string
+    {
+        return (new ReflectionMethod(User::class, 'buildQuery'))->invoke(null);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function failingQueryDoesNotContaminateTheNextQuery(): void
+    {
+        User::where('id', self::$ids[0]);
+
+        try {
+            self::runQuery(self::BAD_SQL);
+            $this->fail('a query against a missing table must throw');
+        } catch (Exception $e) {
+            $this->assertStringContainsString('Error at query to database', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+
+        // With the default resetQuery: true, the failed run must have left
+        // the builder as good as new; get() therefore sees all three rows.
+        $this->assertCount(3, User::get(), 'builder state leaked from the failed query');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function failedKeepStateQueryLeavesTheWhereForRetry(): void
+    {
+        User::where('username', 'fiona');
+
+        try {
+            self::runQuery(self::BAD_SQL, false);
+            $this->fail('a query against a missing table must throw');
+        } catch (Exception $e) {
+            $this->assertStringContainsString('Error at query to database', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+
+        // resetQuery: false contracts to keep the where alive for the
+        // caller's deliberate retry (also guards against a fix that resets
+        // unconditionally).
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('WHERE', self::currentSql());
+
+        $retry = User::get();
+        $this->assertCount(1, $retry, 'retry after failure must reuse the kept where');
+        $this->assertSame('fiona', $retry[0]->username);
+    }
+}

tests/Integration/ModelFilterTest.php

@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Integration;
+
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
+use Libs\Model;
+use Tests\Models\User;
+use Tests\TestCase;
+
+/**
+ * ModelFilterTest - DuckBrain integration matrix
+ *
+ * Family: select, from, where, and, or, whereIn, whereNotIn, whereNull,
+ * whereNotNull, whereExists, whereNotExists, limit, orderBy, count, plus
+ * resetQuery/buildQuery observed through behavior (state must not leak
+ * between executed queries).
+ */
+#[Group('integration')]
+final class ModelFilterTest extends TestCase
+{
+    /** @var list<int> ids of alice, bob, carol, dave */
+    private static array $ids = [];
+
+    public static function setUpBeforeClass(): void
+    {
+        self::createTable('users', [
+            'id'         => 'pk',
+            'username'   => 'string',
+            'email'      => 'string',
+            'bio'        => 'text',
+            'age'        => 'number',
+            'is_active'  => 'bool',
+            'last_login' => 'timestamp',
+        ]);
+        self::createTable('posts', [
+            'id'      => 'pk',
+            'user_id' => 'number',
+            'title'   => 'string',
+            'content' => 'text',
+            'rating'  => 'number',
+        ]);
+
+        $rows = [
+            ['alice', 'alice@duckbrain.dev', 'first', 20, true],
+            ['bob', 'bob@duckbrain.dev', 'second', 30, true],
+            ['carol', null, 'third', 40, false],
+            ['dave', 'dave@duckbrain.dev', null, 50, true],
+        ];
+
+        foreach ($rows as [$username, $email, $bio, $age, $active]) {
+            $user = new User();
+            $user->username = $username;
+            $user->email    = $email;
+            $user->bio      = $bio;
+            $user->age      = $age;
+            $user->isActive = $active;
+            $user->save();
+            self::$ids[] = (int) $user->id;
+        }
+
+        // A post owned by alice only, for the EXISTS tests.
+        $post = new \Tests\Models\Post();
+        $post->userId  = self::$ids[0];
+        $post->title   = 'hello world';
+        $post->content = 'body';
+        $post->rating  = 4.5;
+        $post->save();
+    }
+
+    /** @return list<int> */
+    private static function sortedIds(array $instances): array
+    {
+        $ids = array_map(static fn (Model $m): int => (int) $m->id, $instances);
+        sort($ids);
+
+        return $ids;
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function whereEqualityAndOperatorForms(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertSame(
+            [self::$ids[1]],
+            self::sortedIds(User::where('username', 'bob')->get())
+        );
+        $this->assertSame(
+            [self::$ids[2], self::$ids[3]],
+            self::sortedIds(User::where('age', '>', '35')->get())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function andNestsConditions(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertSame(
+            [self::$ids[3]],
+            self::sortedIds(User::where('age', '>', '25')->and('username', 'dave')->get())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function orCombinesAlternativeConditions(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertSame(
+            [self::$ids[0], self::$ids[3]],
+            self::sortedIds(User::where('username', 'alice')->or('username', 'dave')->get())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function whereInAndWhereNotIn(): void
+    {
+        $in = self::sortedIds(User::whereIn('username', ['alice', 'carol'])->get());
+        $this->assertSame([self::$ids[0], self::$ids[2]], $in);
+
+        $notIn = self::sortedIds(User::whereNotIn('username', ['alice', 'carol'])->get());
+        $this->assertSame([self::$ids[1], self::$ids[3]], $notIn);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function whereNullAndWhereNotNull(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertSame(
+            [self::$ids[3]],
+            self::sortedIds(User::whereNull('bio')->get())
+        );
+        $this->assertSame(
+            [self::$ids[2]],
+            self::sortedIds(User::whereNull('email')->get())
+        );
+        $this->assertCount(3, User::whereNotNull('email')->get());
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function whereExistsAndWhereNotExists(): void
+    {
+        $correlated = 'SELECT 1 FROM posts WHERE posts.user_id = users.id';
+
+        $this->assertSame(
+            [self::$ids[0]],
+            self::sortedIds(User::whereExists($correlated)->get())
+        );
+        $this->assertSame(
+            [self::$ids[1], self::$ids[2], self::$ids[3]],
+            self::sortedIds(User::whereNotExists($correlated)->get())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function selectAndFromRestrictTheProjection(): void
+    {
+        $rows = User::select('username')->from('users')->where('username', 'bob')->get();
+
+        $this->assertCount(1, $rows);
+        $this->assertSame('bob', $rows[0]->username);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function limitSingleAndOffsetForms(): void
+    {
+        $firstTwo = User::orderBy('id', 'ASC')->limit(2)->get();
+        $this->assertSame(
+            [self::$ids[0], self::$ids[1]],
+            array_map(static fn (Model $m): int => (int) $m->id, $firstTwo)
+        );
+
+        // limit(offset, quantity) -> skip the first two.
+        $lastTwo = User::orderBy('id', 'ASC')->limit(2, 2)->get();
+        $this->assertSame(
+            [self::$ids[2], self::$ids[3]],
+            array_map(static fn (Model $m): int => (int) $m->id, $lastTwo)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function orderByColumnAscendingAndDescending(): void
+    {
+        $asc = array_map(static fn (Model $m): string => (string) $m->age, User::orderBy('age', 'ASC')->get());
+        $this->assertSame(['20', '30', '40', '50'], array_map('strval', array_map('intval', $asc)));
+
+        $descFirst = User::orderBy('age', 'DESC')->getFirst();
+        $this->assertSame('dave', $descFirst->username);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function countWithAndWithoutConditions(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertSame(4, User::count());
+        $this->assertSame(3, User::where('age', '>', '25')->count());
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function countWithUseLimit(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertSame(2, User::orderBy('id', 'ASC')->limit(2)->count(true, true));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function countWithoutResetKeepsTheOriginalQuery(): void
+    {
+        User::where('age', '>', '25');
+        $count = User::count(false);
+
+        $this->assertSame(3, $count);
+        $this->assertSame(
+            [self::$ids[1], self::$ids[2], self::$ids[3]],
+            self::sortedIds(User::get()),
+            'count(false) must leave the where active; get() consumes it'
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function queryStateResetsAfterExecution(): void
+    {
+        $one = User::where('id', self::$ids[0])->getFirst();
+        $this->assertSame('alice', $one->username);
+
+        $this->assertCount(4, User::all(), 'where must not leak into the next query');
+        $this->assertCount(4, User::get());
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function orderByRandReturnsEveryRow(): void
+    {
+        // The readme matrix promises orderBy ok on the three engines.
+        // Model emits literal RAND(); sqlite and PostgreSQL know RANDOM().
+        // This test documents the promise; failures are findings, not noise.
+        $this->assertCount(4, User::orderBy('RAND')->get());
+    }
+}

tests/Integration/ModelJoinTest.php

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Integration;
+
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
+use Tests\Models\Post;
+use Tests\Models\User;
+use Tests\TestCase;
+
+/**
+ * ModelJoinTest - DuckBrain integration matrix
+ *
+ * Family: innerJoin, leftJoin, rightJoin, crossJoin, groupBy.
+ *
+ * Data has orphans on both sides (carol/dave have no posts; no post lacks an
+ * owner) so join cardinality actually discriminates. Projections are always
+ * qualified and limited to driver-model columns: a bare SELECT * on
+ * rightJoin differs between engines BY DESIGN (the sqlite branch rewrites
+ * into a swapped LEFT JOIN, see readme "fixed"); asserting on ambiguous
+ * duplicate columns would test that rewrite detail, not the join promise.
+ */
+#[Group('integration')]
+final class ModelJoinTest extends TestCase
+{
+    /** @var array<string,int> username => id */
+    private static array $ids = [];
+
+    public static function setUpBeforeClass(): void
+    {
+        self::createTable('users', [
+            'id'         => 'pk',
+            'username'   => 'string',
+            'email'      => 'string',
+            'bio'        => 'text',
+            'age'        => 'number',
+            'is_active'  => 'bool',
+            'last_login' => 'timestamp',
+        ]);
+        self::createTable('posts', [
+            'id'      => 'pk',
+            'user_id' => 'number',
+            'title'   => 'string',
+            'content' => 'text',
+            'rating'  => 'number',
+        ]);
+
+        foreach ([['alice', true], ['bob', true], ['carol', false], ['dave', true]] as $row) {
+            $user = new User();
+            $user->username = $row[0];
+            $user->email    = $row[0] . '@duckbrain.dev';
+            $user->age      = 30;
+            $user->isActive = $row[1];
+            $user->save();
+            self::$ids[$row[0]] = (int) $user->id;
+        }
+
+        foreach ([['p1', 'alice'], ['p2', 'alice'], ['p3', 'bob']] as [$title, $owner]) {
+            $post = new Post();
+            $post->title  = $title;
+            $post->userId = self::$ids[$owner];
+            $post->save();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** @return list<string> sorted usernames of the result rows */
+    private static function names(array $rows): array
+    {
+        $names = array_map(static fn (User $u): string => (string) $u->username, $rows);
+        sort($names);
+
+        return $names;
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function leftJoinKeepsUsersWithoutPosts(): void
+    {
+        $rows = User::select('users.id', 'users.username')
+            ->leftJoin('posts', 'users.id', '=', 'posts.user_id')
+            ->get();
+
+        $this->assertSame(
+            ['alice', 'alice', 'bob', 'carol', 'dave'],
+            self::names($rows),
+            'LEFT JOIN must keep orphan users exactly once each'
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function innerJoinDropsBothOrphans(): void
+    {
+        $rows = User::select('users.id', 'users.username')
+            ->innerJoin('posts', 'users.id', '=', 'posts.user_id')
+            ->get();
+
+        $this->assertSame(['alice', 'alice', 'bob'], self::names($rows));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function rightJoinKeepsEveryRowOfTheJoinedTable(): void
+    {
+        // sqlite takes the swapped-LEFT-JOIN rewrite; mysql/pgsql take the
+        // native RIGHT JOIN branch. Both must produce the same observable set.
+        $rows = User::select('users.id', 'users.username')
+            ->rightJoin('posts', 'users.id', '=', 'posts.user_id')
+            ->get();
+
+        $names = self::names($rows);
+        $this->assertCount(3, $rows, 'posts are the preserved side: 3 rows');
+        $this->assertSame(['alice', 'alice', 'bob'], $names);
+        $this->assertNotContains('carol', $names, 'users without posts vanish from a RIGHT JOIN over posts');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function crossJoinProducesTheCartesianProduct(): void
+    {
+        $rows = User::select('users.id', 'posts.id')
+            ->crossJoin('posts')
+            ->get();
+
+        $this->assertCount(12, $rows, '4 users x 3 posts');
+
+        // Qualified both-id columns: the last one wins on every engine
+        // (users.* comes first), so the surviving id set is 1..3.
+        $surviving = array_unique(array_map(static fn (User $u): int => (int) $u->id, $rows));
+        sort($surviving);
+        $this->assertSame([1, 2, 3], $surviving);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function groupByCollapsesRowsPerGroup(): void
+    {
+        $statuses = User::select('users.is_active')->groupBy('users.is_active')->get();
+        $this->assertCount(2, $statuses, 'active and inactive groups');
+
+        $owners = User::select('users.id', 'users.username')
+            ->innerJoin('posts', 'users.id', '=', 'posts.user_id')
+            ->groupBy('users.id')
+            ->get();
+        $names = self::names($owners);
+        sort($names);
+
+        $this->assertSame(['alice', 'bob'], $names, 'one row per user that owns posts');
+    }
+}

tests/Integration/ModelSearchTest.php

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Integration;
+
+use DateTime;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
+use Tests\Models\User;
+use Tests\TestCase;
+
+/**
+ * ModelSearchTest - DuckBrain integration matrix
+ *
+ * Family: search (mysql CONCAT branch vs sqlite/pgsql CAST||LIKE branch),
+ * plus filters that bind every supported column type and must agree on
+ * matches across engines. Search terms are chosen case-insensitively stable
+ * (MySQL LIKE is case-insensitive by collation, PostgreSQL's is not).
+ */
+#[Group('integration')]
+final class ModelSearchTest extends TestCase
+{
+    /** @var array<string,int> */
+    private static array $ids = [];
+
+    public static function setUpBeforeClass(): void
+    {
+        self::createTable('users', [
+            'id'         => 'pk',
+            'username'   => 'string',
+            'email'      => 'string',
+            'bio'        => 'text',
+            'age'        => 'number',
+            'is_active'  => 'bool',
+            'last_login' => 'timestamp',
+        ]);
+
+        $seed = [
+            ['alice', 'alice@duckbrain.dev', 'alpha keeper',   20, true],
+            ['bob',   'bob@duckbrain.dev',   'beta reader',    30, true],
+            ['carol', 'carol@duckbrain.dev', 'gamma dreamer',  40, false],
+            ['dave',  'dave@duckbrain.dev',  'delta builder',  50, true],
+        ];
+
+        foreach ($seed as [$username, $email, $bio, $age, $active]) {
+            $user = new User();
+            $user->username  = $username;
+            $user->email     = $email;
+            $user->bio       = $bio;
+            $user->age       = $age;
+            $user->isActive  = $active;
+            $user->lastLogin = new DateTime('2026-09-05 10:00:00');
+            $user->save();
+            self::$ids[$username] = (int) $user->id;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** @return list<int> */
+    private static function idsOf(array $rows): array
+    {
+        $ids = array_map(static fn (User $u): int => (int) $u->id, $rows);
+        sort($ids);
+
+        return $ids;
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function searchMatchesAcrossAllDefaultColumns(): void
+    {
+        // 'ali' occurs only in alice's username/bio space.
+        $this->assertSame(
+            [self::$ids['alice']],
+            self::idsOf(User::search('ali')->get())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function searchFindsNumericValueThroughTextCasting(): void
+    {
+        // The number column must be matched by its textual form: sqlite
+        // casts REAL to '30.0' while mysql/pgsql yield '30'; both contain 30.
+        $this->assertSame(
+            [self::$ids['bob']],
+            self::idsOf(User::search('30')->get())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function searchHonorsExplicitColumnList(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertSame(
+            [self::$ids['alice']],
+            self::idsOf(User::search('lpha', ['bio'])->get())
+        );
+        $this->assertSame(
+            [self::$ids['carol']],
+            self::idsOf(User::search('arol', ['username', 'email'])->get())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function searchCombinesWithWhere(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertSame(
+            [self::$ids['alice']],
+            self::idsOf(User::where('is_active', '1')->search('li')->get())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function everyColumnTypeFiltersConsistently(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertSame([self::$ids['alice']], self::idsOf(User::where('id', self::$ids['alice'])->get()));
+        $this->assertSame([self::$ids['bob']], self::idsOf(User::where('email', 'bob@duckbrain.dev')->get()));
+        $this->assertSame([self::$ids['carol']], self::idsOf(User::where('is_active', '0')->get()));
+        $this->assertCount(4, User::where('last_login', '>', '2026-09-05 09:00:00')->get());
+        $this->assertSame([self::$ids['dave']], self::idsOf(User::where('age', '>=', '50')->get()));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function booleanFalseSurvivesTheRoundTrip(): void
+    {
+        // Promise of the matrix: typed properties hydrate faithfully on the
+        // three engines. PostgreSQL reports boolean false as 'f' and the
+        // core casts nothing -> this is the R2 probe.
+        $carol = User::getById(self::$ids['carol']);
+
+        $this->assertNotNull($carol);
+        $this->assertFalse($carol->isActive, 'inactive user must hydrate as bool false');
+    }
+}

tests/Integration/ModelTransactionTest.php

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Integration;
+
+use Exception;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
+use ReflectionMethod;
+use Tests\Models\User;
+use Tests\TestCase;
+
+/**
+ * ModelTransactionTest - DuckBrain integration matrix
+ *
+ * Family: beginTransaction, commit, rollBack, plus the implicit rollBack
+ * that Model.php performs when a query fails mid-transaction (and the
+ * Exception it rethrows wrapping the PDO error).
+ */
+#[Group('integration')]
+final class ModelTransactionTest extends TestCase
+{
+    public static function setUpBeforeClass(): void
+    {
+        self::createTable('users', [
+            'id'         => 'pk',
+            'username'   => 'string',
+            'email'      => 'string',
+            'bio'        => 'text',
+            'age'        => 'number',
+            'is_active'  => 'bool',
+            'last_login' => 'timestamp',
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    private static function seed(string $username): User
+    {
+        $user = new User();
+        $user->username = $username;
+        $user->email    = $username . '@duckbrain.dev';
+        $user->age      = 25;
+        $user->save();
+
+        return $user;
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function commitMakesPendingWritesVisible(): void
+    {
+        User::beginTransaction();
+        $user = self::seed('committed_alice');
+        $this->assertTrue(User::commit());
+
+        $this->assertNotNull(User::getById($user->id));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function rollBackDiscardsPendingWrites(): void
+    {
+        User::beginTransaction();
+        $user = self::seed('rolled_bob');
+        $this->assertTrue(User::rollBack());
+
+        $this->assertNull(User::getById($user->id));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function aFailingQueryRollsBackTheOpenTransaction(): void
+    {
+        User::beginTransaction();
+        $user = self::seed('wrecked_carol');
+
+        // Dirty the builder BEFORE failing: only a leftover-free result after
+        // the exception proves query() itself cleaned up (finding F2).
+        User::where('age', '>', '30');
+
+        try {
+            (new ReflectionMethod(User::class, 'query'))
+                ->invokeArgs(null, ['SELECT * FROM table_that_does_not_exist']);
+            $this->fail('a failing query inside a transaction must throw');
+        } catch (Exception $e) {
+            $this->assertStringContainsString('Error at query to database', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+
+        $this->assertFalse(self::db()->inTransaction(), 'the exception path must close the transaction');
+
+        $sqlAfterFailure = (new ReflectionMethod(User::class, 'buildQuery'))->invoke(null);
+        $this->assertSame(
+            'SELECT * FROM users',
+            $sqlAfterFailure,
+            'a failed query must leave the builder at its default state'
+        );
+
+        $this->assertNull(User::where('username', 'wrecked_carol')->getFirst(), 'pending insert must be undone');
+    }
+}

tests/Integration/SchemaSmokeTest.php

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Integration;
+
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
+use DateTime;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use Tests\Models\User;
+use Tests\TestCase;
+
+/**
+ * SchemaSmokeTest - DuckBrain test harness
+ *
+ * Integration smoke test: the six logical column types must translate into
+ * valid DDL for the current engine and round-trip a row. Runs on all three
+ * legs (sqlite, mysql, pgsql) unchanged.
+ */
+#[Group('integration')]
+final class SchemaSmokeTest extends TestCase
+{
+    #[Test]
+    public function allLogicalTypesCreateAndRoundTrip(): void
+    {
+        self::createTable('smoke_types', [
+            'id'         => 'pk',
+            'label'      => 'string',
+            'body'       => 'text',
+            'amount'     => 'number',
+            'active'     => 'bool',
+            'created_at' => 'timestamp',
+        ]);
+
+        $insert = self::db()->prepare(
+            'INSERT INTO smoke_types (label, body, amount, active, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)'
+        );
+        $insert->execute(['widget', 'a longer free-form body', 12.5, true, '2026-09-05 12:34:56']);
+
+        $row = self::db()->query('SELECT * FROM smoke_types')->fetch();
+
+        $this->assertSame(1, (int) $row['id']);
+        $this->assertSame('widget', $row['label']);
+        $this->assertSame('a longer free-form body', $row['body']);
+        $this->assertEquals(12.5, (float) $row['amount']);
+        $this->assertTrue(filter_var($row['active'], FILTER_VALIDATE_BOOLEAN));
+        $this->assertStringStartsWith('2026-09-05 12:34:56', (string) $row['created_at']);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function saveAssignsPrimaryKeyAndGetByIdRoundTrips(): void
+    {
+        self::createTable('users', [
+            'id'         => 'pk',
+            'username'   => 'string',
+            'email'      => 'string',
+            'bio'        => 'text',
+            'age'        => 'number',
+            'is_active'  => 'bool',
+            'last_login' => 'timestamp',
+        ]);
+
+        $user = new User();
+        $user->username  = 'keyjay';
+        $user->email     = 'kj@duckbrain.dev';
+        $user->bio       = 'framework keeper';
+        $user->age       = 29;
+        $user->isActive  = true;
+        $user->lastLogin = new DateTime('2026-09-05 10:00:00');
+        $user->save();
+
+        $this->assertSame(1, $user->id, 'save() should assign the generated primary key');
+
+        $found = User::getById(1);
+        $this->assertNotNull($found);
+        $this->assertSame('keyjay', $found->username);
+        $this->assertSame(29, $found->age);
+        $this->assertTrue($found->isActive);
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(DateTime::class, $found->lastLogin);
+        $this->assertSame('2026-09-05 10:00:00', $found->lastLogin->format('Y-m-d H:i:s'));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function unknownLogicalTypeFails(): void
+    {
+        $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
+
+        self::createTable('smoke_bad', ['x' => 'money']);
+    }
+}

tests/Models/Post.php

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Models;
+
+use Libs\Model;
+
+/**
+ * Post - DuckBrain test fixture
+ *
+ * Second table of the integration matrix, joined to Users through user_id.
+ * Column names avoid SQL reserved words on every engine.
+ */
+final class Post extends Model
+{
+    public ?int $id;
+    public ?int $userId;
+    public string $title;
+    public ?string $content;
+    public ?float $rating;
+}

tests/Models/User.php

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Models;
+
+use DateTime;
+use Libs\Model;
+
+/**
+ * User - DuckBrain test fixture
+ *
+ * Public model used by the integration matrix. $id is declared WITHOUT a
+ * default so it stays uninitialized until the database assigns it:
+ * Model::getVars() skips uninitialized typed properties, which lets
+ * AUTOINCREMENT / AUTO_INCREMENT / SERIAL generate the primary key and
+ * Model::add() assign it back to the instance.
+ */
+final class User extends Model
+{
+    public ?int $id;
+    public string $username;
+    public ?string $email;
+    public ?string $bio;
+    public ?int $age;
+    public bool $isActive = false;
+    public ?DateTime $lastLogin;
+}

tests/TestCase.php

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests;
+
+use Libs\Database;
+use Libs\Model;
+use PDO;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase as FrameworkTestCase;
+
+/**
+ * TestCase - DuckBrain test harness
+ *
+ * Base class for the framework's own tests. Deliberately lightweight: this
+ * repo has no migrations/ nor duckbrain-commands, so each test defines its
+ * schema with raw DDL through createTable(), and tables registered there are
+ * dropped automatically after the class finishes.
+ */
+abstract class TestCase extends FrameworkTestCase
+{
+    /**
+     * @var list<string> Tables created through createTable() for this class.
+     */
+    private static array $tables = [];
+
+    /**
+     * Clears Model's static query-builder state before every test.
+     *
+     * A query that dies mid-flight (unsupported function, constraint
+     * violation, ...) never reaches Model's internal resetQuery(), so
+     * leftovers would leak into the next test otherwise. This keeps the
+     * suite order-independent regardless of PHPUnit's executionOrder.
+     */
+    protected function setUp(): void
+    {
+        parent::setUp();
+
+        (new \ReflectionMethod(Model::class, 'resetQuery'))->invoke(null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the PDO connection to the in-memory test database.
+     *
+     * @return PDO
+     */
+    protected static function db(): PDO
+    {
+        return Database::getInstance(DB_TYPE, DB_HOST, DB_NAME, DB_USER, DB_PASS);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * DDL fragments per engine for each logical column type.
+     *
+     * @var array<string,array<string,string>>
+     */
+    private const TYPE_DDL = [
+        'sqlite' => [
+            'pk'        => 'INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT',
+            'string'    => 'VARCHAR(255)',
+            'text'      => 'TEXT',
+            'number'    => 'REAL',
+            'bool'      => 'INTEGER',
+            'timestamp' => 'TEXT',
+        ],
+        'mysql' => [
+            'pk'        => 'INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY',
+            'string'    => 'VARCHAR(255)',
+            'text'      => 'TEXT',
+            'number'    => 'DOUBLE',
+            'bool'      => 'TINYINT(1)',
+            'timestamp' => 'DATETIME',
+        ],
+        'pgsql' => [
+            'pk'        => 'SERIAL PRIMARY KEY',
+            'string'    => 'VARCHAR(255)',
+            'text'      => 'TEXT',
+            'number'    => 'DOUBLE PRECISION',
+            'bool'      => 'BOOLEAN',
+            'timestamp' => 'TIMESTAMP',
+        ],
+    ];
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a table in the test database from logical column types and
+     * registers it for cleanup. The DDL is translated per engine, so the
+     * same declaration works on sqlite, MySQL/MariaDB and PostgreSQL.
+     *
+     * @param string $name
+     *                     Table name (avoid SQL reserved words).
+     *
+     * @param array<string,string> $columns
+     *                                       Map of column name to logical type:
+     *                                       pk|string|text|number|bool|timestamp.
+     */
+    protected static function createTable(string $name, array $columns): void
+    {
+        $types = self::TYPE_DDL[DB_TYPE] ?? throw new \InvalidArgumentException(
+            'No type translation for DB_TYPE ' . DB_TYPE
+        );
+
+        $ddl = [];
+        foreach ($columns as $column => $type) {
+            $fragment = $types[$type] ?? throw new \InvalidArgumentException(
+                "Unknown logical type '{$type}' for column '{$column}'; "
+                . 'expected: ' . implode(', ', array_keys($types))
+            );
+            $ddl[] = $column . ' ' . $fragment;
+        }
+
+        static::db()->exec("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {$name} (" . implode(', ', $ddl) . ')');
+        static::$tables[] = $name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Never let an aborted test leak an open transaction into the next one.
+     */
+    protected function tearDown(): void
+    {
+        if (static::db()->inTransaction()) {
+            static::db()->rollBack();
+        }
+
+        parent::tearDown();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Drops every table registered through createTable() during this class.
+     */
+    public static function tearDownAfterClass(): void
+    {
+        foreach (array_unique(static::$tables) as $table) {
+            static::db()->exec("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS {$table}");
+        }
+
+        static::$tables = [];
+    }
+}

tests/Unit/BootstrapTest.php

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Unit;
+
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
+use Libs\Neuron;
+use PDO;
+use Tests\TestCase;
+
+/**
+ * BootstrapTest - DuckBrain test harness
+ *
+ * Prueba de humo de la infraestructura: autoload de composer + framework,
+ * constantes de la DB de prueba y conexión PDO realmente utilizable. Si
+ * algo del entorno está mal, esta prueba falla primero con el diagnóstico.
+ */
+final class BootstrapTest extends TestCase
+{
+    #[Test]
+    public function frameworkClassesAreAutoloaded(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertTrue(
+            class_exists(Neuron::class),
+            'MISSING AUTOLOAD: autoload.php did not resolve Libs\Neuron; check ROOT_CORE and run from the project root'
+        );
+
+        $neuron = new Neuron(['key' => 'value']);
+        $this->assertSame('value', $neuron->key);
+        $this->assertNull($neuron->doesNotExist);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function databaseConstantsPointToInMemorySqlite(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertSame(
+            'sqlite',
+            DB_TYPE,
+            'MISSING OVERRIDE: DB_TYPE comes from config.php; the bootstrap must define the DB_* constants BEFORE requiring autoload.php'
+        );
+        $this->assertSame(':memory:', DB_NAME, 'DB_NAME should be :memory: so tests never touch disks or servers');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function testDatabaseIsUsable(): void
+    {
+        $db = self::db();
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(PDO::class, $db, 'Could not obtain the test PDO connection');
+        $this->assertSame($db, self::db(), 'Database::getInstance should return the same singleton');
+
+        $db->exec('CREATE TABLE smoke (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, v TEXT)');
+        $db->prepare('INSERT INTO smoke (v) VALUES (?)')->execute(['quack']);
+        $this->assertSame('quack', $db->query('SELECT v FROM smoke')->fetchColumn());
+        $db->exec('DROP TABLE smoke');
+    }
+}

tests/Unit/NeuronTest.php

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Unit;
+
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
+use Libs\Neuron;
+use Tests\TestCase;
+
+/**
+ * NeuronTest - DuckBrain test harness
+ *
+ * Regression net para el contenedor de valores del core: construcción
+ * desde array/objeto, propiedades dinámicas y null en inexistentes.
+ */
+final class NeuronTest extends TestCase
+{
+    #[Test]
+    public function constructFromAssociativeArray(): void
+    {
+        $n = new Neuron(['username' => 'kj', 'level' => 3]);
+
+        $this->assertSame('kj', $n->username);
+        $this->assertSame(3, $n->level);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function constructFromObjectCopiesPublicProperties(): void
+    {
+        $source = new \stdClass();
+        $source->id = 7;
+        $source->email = 'kj@example.com';
+
+        $n = new Neuron($source);
+
+        $this->assertSame(7, $n->id);
+        $this->assertSame('kj@example.com', $n->email);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function undefinedPropertyIsNullWithoutNotice(): void
+    {
+        $n = new Neuron();
+
+        $this->assertNull($n->thisDoesNotExist);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function dynamicPropertiesCanBeAssignedAndRead(): void
+    {
+        $n = new Neuron();
+        $n->fresh = ['a', 'b'];
+
+        $this->assertSame(['a', 'b'], $n->fresh);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function nestedValuesArePreservedVerbatim(): void
+    {
+        $payload = ['meta' => ['tags' => ['x', 'y'], 'n' => null]];
+        $n = new Neuron($payload);
+
+        $this->assertSame($payload['meta'], $n->meta);
+        $this->assertNull($n->meta['n']);
+    }
+}

tests/Unit/RequestTest.php

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Unit;
+
+use Exception;
+use Libs\Request;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
+use Tests\TestCase;
+
+/**
+ * RequestTest - DuckBrain test harness
+ *
+ * Cubre el modelo de fallo por excepcion del Request: la validacion lanza
+ * con code 422 y el mensaje unico de Validator::message() (con overrides de
+ * messages()/attributes()), en lugar de responder HTTP y hacer exit() como
+ * hacia antes. Que estas pruebas puedan ejecutar expectException ya demuestra
+ * que el constructor no termina el proceso.
+ */
+final class RequestTest extends TestCase
+{
+    private array $serverBackup = [];
+    private array $getBackup = [];
+    private array $postBackup = [];
+
+    protected function setUp(): void
+    {
+        $this->serverBackup = $_SERVER;
+        $this->getBackup = $_GET;
+        $this->postBackup = $_POST;
+
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'GET';
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] = '/test';
+        $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] = '/nonexistent-docroot';
+        unset($_SERVER['CONTENT_TYPE'], $_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT']);
+        $_GET = [];
+        $_POST = [];
+    }
+
+    protected function tearDown(): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER = $this->serverBackup;
+        $_GET = $this->getBackup;
+        $_POST = $this->postBackup;
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function failedValidationThrowsWithHttp422Code(): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'POST';
+        $_POST = ['age' => '5'];
+
+        $this->expectException(Exception::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage('The age must be at least 18.');
+        $this->expectExceptionCode(422);
+
+        new class extends Request {
+            public function rules(): array
+            {
+                return ['age' => 'required|min:18'];
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function messagesOverrideWinsForFailedRule(): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'POST';
+        $_POST = ['age' => '5'];
+
+        $this->expectException(Exception::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage('Way too short');
+
+        new class extends Request {
+            public function rules(): array
+            {
+                return ['age' => 'required|min:18'];
+            }
+
+            public function messages(): array
+            {
+                return ['age.min' => 'Way too short'];
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function attributesRenameTheFieldInDefaultMessage(): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'POST';
+        $_POST = ['age' => '5'];
+
+        $this->expectException(Exception::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage('The applicant age must be at least 18.');
+
+        new class extends Request {
+            public function rules(): array
+            {
+                return ['age' => 'required|min:18'];
+            }
+
+            public function attributes(): array
+            {
+                return ['age' => 'applicant age'];
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function getRulesFailureThrowsToo(): void
+    {
+        $this->expectException(Exception::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage('The q field is required.');
+
+        new class extends Request {
+            public function getRules(): array
+            {
+                return ['q' => 'required'];
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function validDataDoesNotThrow(): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'POST';
+        $_POST = ['age' => '20'];
+
+        $request = new class extends Request {
+            public function rules(): array
+            {
+                return ['age' => 'required|min:18'];
+            }
+        };
+
+        $this->assertSame('20', $request->post->age);
+        $this->assertSame('/test', $request->path);
+    }
+}

tests/Unit/RouterTest.php

@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Unit;
+
+use Exception;
+use Libs\Neuron;
+use Libs\Request;
+use Libs\Router;
+use LogicException;
+use PDOException;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\RunInSeparateProcess;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
+use ReflectionClass;
+use ReflectionProperty;
+use Tests\TestCase;
+use TypeError;
+
+/**
+ * RouterTest - DuckBrain test harness
+ *
+ * Cubre la respuesta de error que produce Router::defaultException(): el
+ * status derivado del code de la excepcion con guard de rango 400-599 y la
+ * negociacion por Accept entre representacion JSON y texto plano. Tambien la
+ * frontera de Router::apply(): que toda excepcion de la cadena (middlewares,
+ * callback final, notFound) llegue al $exceptionCallback deteniendo la
+ * ejecucion sin exit() y dejando intacto el flujo normal. Tambien que los
+ * valores por defecto declarados en las propiedades $notFoundCallback y
+ * $exceptionCallback (callables string) se resuelvan de punta a punta a
+ * traves de Synapsis::resolve() dentro de apply().
+ */
+final class RouterTest extends TestCase
+{
+    private array $serverBackup = [];
+    private array $getBackup = [];
+    private array $postBackup = [];
+
+    protected function setUp(): void
+    {
+        $this->serverBackup = $_SERVER;
+        $this->getBackup = $_GET;
+        $this->postBackup = $_POST;
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'GET';
+        unset($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT']);
+        @http_response_code(200); // Ver tearDown: inofensivo mientras no haya un header('HTTP/...') activo.
+        $this->resetRouterState();
+    }
+
+    protected function tearDown(): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER = $this->serverBackup;
+        $_GET = $this->getBackup;
+        $_POST = $this->postBackup;
+        // El @ cubre el warning de PHP 8.5 ("...has no effect") que dispara
+        // cualquier http_response_code() posterior a un header('HTTP/...'),
+        // inevitable en el proceso aislado del test de notFound (el valor
+        // se aplica igualmente, como confirma el getter).
+        @http_response_code(200);
+        $this->resetRouterState();
+    }
+
+    private function resetRouterState(): void
+    {
+        foreach (['get', 'post', 'put', 'patch', 'delete'] as $method) {
+            (new ReflectionProperty(Router::class, $method))->setValue(null, []);
+        }
+        Router::$params = new Neuron();
+        Router::$notFoundCallback = 'Libs\Router::defaultNotFound';
+        Router::$exceptionCallback = 'Libs\Router::defaultException';
+    }
+
+    private function render(\Throwable $exception): string
+    {
+        ob_start();
+        Router::defaultException($exception);
+
+        return ob_get_clean();
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function intCodeInHttpStatusRangeBecomesResponseStatus(): void
+    {
+        $output = $this->render(new Exception('The edad must be at least 18.', 422));
+
+        $this->assertSame(422, http_response_code());
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('The edad must be at least 18.', $output);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function stringSqlStateCodeFallsBackToServerError(): void
+    {
+        $this->render(new PDOException('SQLSTATE[23000]: Integrity constraint violation', '23000'));
+
+        $this->assertSame(500, http_response_code(), 'A string SQLSTATE code must never reach http_response_code');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function intCodeOutOfRangeFallsBackToServerError(): void
+    {
+        $this->render(new Exception('arbitrary code', 7));
+
+        $this->assertSame(500, http_response_code());
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function throwableWithoutMeaningfulCodeAnswersServerError(): void
+    {
+        $this->render(new TypeError('must be of the type int'));
+
+        $this->assertSame(500, http_response_code());
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function plainTextIsDefaultRepresentation(): void
+    {
+        $output = $this->render(new Exception('boom', 418));
+
+        $this->assertStringStartsWith("boom\n", $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('#0', $output, 'Plain text must include the full trace');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function jsonRepresentationWhenClientAcceptsJson(): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT'] = 'application/json';
+
+        $output = $this->render(new Exception('The e must be a valid email address.', 422));
+
+        $payload = json_decode($output, true);
+        $this->assertIsArray($payload, 'Accept: application/json must produce a JSON body');
+        $this->assertSame(422, http_response_code());
+        $this->assertSame('The e must be a valid email address.', $payload['error']);
+        $this->assertSame('Exception', $payload['exception']);
+        $this->assertArrayHasKey('file', $payload);
+        $this->assertArrayHasKey('line', $payload);
+        $this->assertIsArray($payload['trace']);
+        $this->assertIsString($payload['trace'][0], 'The trace must be serialized as readable lines, not raw frames');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function middlewareExceptionStopsTheRemainingChain(): void
+    {
+        $log = [];
+        $caught = [];
+        Router::$exceptionCallback = function (\Throwable $exception) use (&$caught): void {
+            $caught[] = $exception;
+        };
+
+        Router::get('/chain', function () use (&$log): void {
+            $log[] = 'final';
+        });
+        Router::middleware(function () use (&$log): void {
+            $log[] = 'mw-late-registered';
+        });
+        Router::middleware(function () use (&$log): void {
+            throw new Exception('chain break', 422);
+        });
+        Router::middleware(function () use (&$log): void {
+            $log[] = 'mw-first-registered';
+        });
+
+        Router::apply('/chain');
+
+        // Callbacks run in reverse registration order: the last registered middleware
+        // ran first, the thrower stopped everything after it, and apply() returned
+        // normally (this line being reached proves there was no exit()).
+        $this->assertSame(['mw-first-registered'], $log);
+        $this->assertCount(1, $caught, 'The route chain must deliver exactly one exception to the callback');
+        $this->assertSame('chain break', $caught[0]->getMessage());
+        $this->assertSame(422, $caught[0]->getCode());
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function finalCallbackExceptionIsDeliveredToTheExceptionCallback(): void
+    {
+        $caught = [];
+        Router::$exceptionCallback = function (\Throwable $exception) use (&$caught): void {
+            $caught[] = get_class($exception) . ': ' . $exception->getMessage();
+        };
+
+        Router::get('/throwing', function (): void {
+            throw new LogicException('controller boom');
+        });
+
+        Router::apply('/throwing');
+
+        $this->assertSame(['LogicException: controller boom'], $caught);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function notFoundCallbackExceptionReachesTheExceptionCallback(): void
+    {
+        $caught = [];
+        Router::$exceptionCallback = function (\Throwable $exception) use (&$caught): void {
+            $caught[] = $exception;
+        };
+        Router::$notFoundCallback = function (): void {
+            throw new Exception('not found exploded', 418);
+        };
+
+        Router::apply('/no-such-route');
+
+        $this->assertCount(1, $caught);
+        $this->assertSame('not found exploded', $caught[0]->getMessage());
+        $this->assertSame(418, $caught[0]->getCode());
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function normalFlowStillPrintsReturnedData(): void
+    {
+        Router::$exceptionCallback = function (): void {
+            $this->fail('The exception callback must not run on a successful request');
+        };
+
+        Router::get('/ok', function (): array {
+            return ['status' => 'ok'];
+        });
+
+        ob_start();
+        Router::apply('/ok');
+        $output = ob_get_clean();
+
+        $this->assertSame('{"status":"ok"}', $output);
+        $this->assertSame(200, http_response_code());
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function customOnInvalidExceptionReachesTheExceptionCallbackThroughTheBoundary(): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'POST';
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] = '/signup';
+        $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] = '/nonexistent-docroot';
+        $_POST = ['age' => '5'];
+
+        $caught = [];
+        Router::$exceptionCallback = function (\Throwable $exception) use (&$caught): void {
+            $caught[] = $exception;
+        };
+
+        $finalRan = false;
+        Router::post('/signup', function (StrictSignup $request) use (&$finalRan): void {
+            $finalRan = true;
+        });
+
+        Router::apply('/signup');
+
+        // The Request was built by the container for the final callback and its
+        // custom onInvalid() threw during dependency resolution: the custom type
+        // must arrive intact to the callback, and the final callback must not run.
+        $this->assertCount(1, $caught);
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(RequestRejected::class, $caught[0]);
+        $this->assertSame('The age must be at least 18.', $caught[0]->getMessage());
+        $this->assertSame(400, $caught[0]->getCode(), 'The status channel must survive custom exception types');
+        $this->assertFalse($finalRan, 'A Request that throws during DI resolution must stop the route');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function declaredDefaultExceptionCallbackRendersThroughTheBoundary(): void
+    {
+        // Se fuerza el valor declarado en la clase, no el que reasigna
+        // resetRouterState(): es justo el camino property default ->
+        // Synapsis::resolve(string callable) que debe seguir funcionando.
+        Router::$exceptionCallback = (new ReflectionClass(Router::class))
+            ->getDefaultProperties()['exceptionCallback'];
+
+        Router::get('/default-exception', function (): void {
+            throw new Exception('rendered by the default handler', 422);
+        });
+
+        ob_start();
+        Router::apply('/default-exception');
+        $output = ob_get_clean();
+
+        $this->assertSame(422, http_response_code(), 'The declared default handler must derive the status from the code');
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('rendered by the default handler', $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('#0', $output, 'The declared default handler must render the plain text trace');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    #[RunInSeparateProcess]
+    public function declaredDefaultNotFoundCallbackRendersThe404Body(): void
+    {
+        Router::$notFoundCallback = (new ReflectionClass(Router::class))
+            ->getDefaultProperties()['notFoundCallback'];
+
+        ob_start();
+        Router::apply('/no-such-route');
+        $output = ob_get_clean();
+
+        // Proceso aislado: defaultNotFound() emite header('HTTP/1.0 404 ...') y en
+        // PHP 8.5 eso hace que TODO http_response_code() posterior avise, sin forma
+        // de limpiar el estado en el mismo proceso. En CLI el header no toca
+        // http_response_code(), asi que la asercion util es el cuerpo renderizado.
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('Error 404 - Page Not Found', $output);
+    }
+}
+
+// phpcs:disable PSR1.Classes.ClassDeclaration.MultipleClasses
+/**
+ * Fixtures locales de la prueba de simetría: un tipo de excepcion propio que
+ * un Request hijo lanza desde su onInvalid() reescrito.
+ */
+final class RequestRejected extends Exception
+{
+}
+
+final class StrictSignup extends Request
+{
+    public function rules(): array
+    {
+        return ['age' => 'required|min:18'];
+    }
+
+    public function onInvalid(string $error): never
+    {
+        throw new RequestRejected($error, 400);
+    }
+}

tests/Unit/SynapsisTest.php

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Unit;
+
+use Exception;
+use Libs\Neuron;
+use Libs\Synapsis;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
+use Tests\TestCase;
+
+/**
+ * SynapsisTest - DuckBrain test harness
+ *
+ * Cubre la inyeccion de argumentos por nombre en resolve(): la clave de
+ * $named gana sobre el default de un opcional y sobre la resolucion DI por
+ * tipo, la coincidencia es por nombre y no por posicion, y las claves
+ * sobrantes se ignoran en silencio (riesgo documentado en design.md).
+ */
+final class SynapsisTest extends TestCase
+{
+    #[Test]
+    public function namedValueWinsOverOptionalDefault(): void
+    {
+        $result = Synapsis::resolve(
+            fn ($config = 'default') => $config,
+            ['config' => 'forced']
+        );
+
+        $this->assertSame('forced', $result, 'A named argument must take precedence over an optional default');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function namedValueWinsOverTypeBasedResolution(): void
+    {
+        $real = new Exception('the real one', 422);
+
+        $result = Synapsis::resolve(
+            fn (Exception $exception) => $exception,
+            ['exception' => $real]
+        );
+
+        $this->assertSame($real, $result, 'The injected instance must be the named one, not a container-built empty Exception');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function namedParametersMatchByNameNotPosition(): void
+    {
+        $real = new Exception('matched by name');
+
+        [$b, $exception] = Synapsis::resolve(
+            fn (Neuron $b, Exception $exception) => [$b, $exception],
+            ['exception' => $real]
+        );
+
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(Neuron::class, $b, 'Parameters without a named match must keep resolving through DI');
+        $this->assertSame($real, $exception, 'Position of the named parameter must not matter');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function unmatchedNamedKeysAreIgnored(): void
+    {
+        $result = Synapsis::resolve(
+            fn ($x = 'untouched') => $x,
+            ['foo' => 1]
+        );
+
+        $this->assertSame('untouched', $result, 'A key matching no parameter must be silently ignored');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function renamedParameterFallsBackToContainerResolution(): void
+    {
+        $real = new Exception('never arrives');
+
+        // The handler renamed its parameter to $e, so the 'exception' key
+        // matches nothing and $e degrades to DI: a fresh empty Exception.
+        $result = Synapsis::resolve(
+            fn (Exception $e) => $e,
+            ['exception' => $real]
+        );
+
+        $this->assertNotSame($real, $result, 'A renamed handler parameter must not receive the named value');
+        $this->assertSame('', $result->getMessage(), 'The degradation outcome is a container-built empty Exception');
+    }
+}

tests/Unit/ValidatorTest.php

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Unit;
+
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
+use Libs\Neuron;
+use Libs\Validator;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
+use Tests\TestCase;
+
+/**
+ * ValidatorTest - DuckBrain test harness
+ *
+ * Regression net de las reglas escalares, el batch validateList()
+ * (paro en el primer fallo + $lastFailed) y message(). Las reglas de
+ * archivo (file/image/mimes) requieren fixtures de $_FILES y se dejan
+ * para la suite multi-motor de integración.
+ */
+final class ValidatorTest extends TestCase
+{
+    protected function setUp(): void
+    {
+        Validator::$lastFailed = '';
+    }
+
+    public static function scalarRuleProvider(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'valid email'           => ['email', 'kj@duckbrain.dev', true],
+            'invalid email'         => ['email', 'not-an-email', false],
+            'valid url'             => ['url', 'https://kj2.me', true],
+            'invalid url'           => ['url', 'kj2.me', false],
+            'int from string'       => ['int', '42', true],
+            'int with decimals'      => ['int', '42.5', false],
+            'float'                  => ['float', '3.14', true],
+            'number e-notation'      => ['number', '1e3', true],
+            'bool yes'               => ['bool', 'yes', true],
+            'bool garbage'            => ['bool', 'quizas', false],
+            'strict string'        => ['string', '42', true],
+            'string rejects int'     => ['string', 42, false],
+            'array'                  => ['array', [1], true],
+            'array rejects string'   => ['array', 'x', false],
+        ];
+    }
+
+    #[DataProvider('scalarRuleProvider')]
+    #[Test]
+    public function scalarRules(string $rule, mixed $value, bool $expected): void
+    {
+        $this->assertSame($expected, Validator::checkRule($value, $rule), "rule {$rule} with " . var_export($value, true));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function existsAndRequiredDisagreeOnEmptyString(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertTrue(Validator::checkRule('', 'exists'));
+        $this->assertFalse(Validator::checkRule('', 'required'));
+        $this->assertFalse(Validator::checkRule(null, 'exists'));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function sizeRulesMeasureStringNumberAndArray(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertTrue(Validator::checkRule('abc', 'min:3'));
+        $this->assertFalse(Validator::checkRule('abc', 'min:4'));
+        $this->assertTrue(Validator::checkRule(10, 'max:10'));
+        $this->assertTrue(Validator::checkRule([1, 2, 3], 'between:2,3'));
+        $this->assertTrue(Validator::checkRule('hey', 'size:3'));
+        $this->assertFalse(Validator::checkRule('hey', 'size:4'));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function regexKeepsColonsAndCommasInsidePattern(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertTrue(Validator::checkRule('a,b', 'regex:/^a,b$/'));
+        $this->assertFalse(Validator::checkRule('a;b', 'regex:/^a,b$/'));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function inIsLooseComparison(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertTrue(Validator::checkRule('1', 'in:1,2,3'));
+        $this->assertFalse(Validator::checkRule('9', 'in:1,2,3'));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function enumRuleIsNoLongerRecognized(): void
+    {
+        $this->expectException(\Exception::class);
+        Validator::checkRule('1', 'enum:1,2,3');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function notNegatesNextRule(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertTrue(Validator::checkRule('3.5', 'not:int'));
+        $this->assertFalse(Validator::checkRule('42', 'not:int'));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function parseRule(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertSame(['required', ''], Validator::parseRule('required'));
+        $this->assertSame(['in', 'a,b'], Validator::parseRule('in:a,b'));
+        $this->assertSame(['regex', '/^a,b$/'], Validator::parseRule('regex:/^a,b$/'));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function validateListPassesFullyValidBatch(): void
+    {
+        $data = new Neuron(['username' => 'kj', 'email' => 'kj@duckbrain.dev']);
+
+        $this->assertTrue(Validator::validateList(
+            ['username' => 'required|string|min:2', 'email' => 'required|email'],
+            $data
+        ));
+        $this->assertSame('', Validator::$lastFailed);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function validateListStopsAtFirstFailure(): void
+    {
+        $data = new Neuron(['email' => 'not-an-email', 'name' => null]);
+
+        $this->assertFalse(Validator::validateList(
+            ['email' => 'required|email', 'name' => 'required'],
+            $data
+        ));
+        $this->assertSame('email.email', Validator::$lastFailed);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function validateListNullableSkipsRestWhenEmpty(): void
+    {
+        $rules = ['bio' => 'nullable|min:10'];
+
+        $this->assertTrue(Validator::validateList($rules, new Neuron(['bio' => null])));
+        $this->assertFalse(Validator::validateList($rules, new Neuron(['bio' => 'too-short'])));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function validateListConfirmedUsesSiblingField(): void
+    {
+        $rules = ['password' => 'required|confirmed'];
+
+        $ok = new Neuron(['password' => 'secret', 'password_confirmation' => 'secret']);
+        $bad = new Neuron(['password' => 'secret', 'password_confirmation' => 'different']);
+
+        $this->assertTrue(Validator::validateList($rules, $ok));
+        $this->assertFalse(Validator::validateList($rules, $bad));
+        $this->assertSame('password.confirmed', Validator::$lastFailed);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function messageBuildsHumanTextFromLastFailed(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertSame(
+            'The email must be a valid email address.',
+            Validator::message('email.email')
+        );
+        $this->assertSame(
+            'The age must be between 5 and 10.',
+            Validator::message('age.between:5,10')
+        );
+        $this->assertSame(
+            'The selected status is invalid. Allowed: a, b, c.',
+            Validator::message('status.in:a,b,c')
+        );
+        $this->assertSame(
+            'The reason field is required when mode is other.',
+            Validator::message('reason.required_if:mode,other')
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function messageRespectsAttributesAndOverrides(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertSame(
+            'The user name field is required.',
+            Validator::message('username.required', [], ['username' => 'user name'])
+        );
+        $this->assertSame(
+            'custom',
+            Validator::message('username.min:3', ['username.min:3' => 'custom'])
+        );
+    }
+}

tests/bootstrap.php

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<?php
+
+// Test bootstrap for the DuckBrain development harness.
+// Run PHPUnit from the project root (autoload.php resolves config.php via cwd).
+
+require_once __DIR__ . '/../vendor/autoload.php';
+
+// Engine selection: DUCKBRAIN_TEST_DB=sqlite|mysql|pgsql (default: sqlite).
+// sqlite uses an in-memory database, so the unit suite never needs services.
+$engine = strtolower(getenv('DUCKBRAIN_TEST_DB') ?: 'sqlite');
+
+$profiles = [
+    'sqlite' => [
+        'type' => 'sqlite',
+        'host' => 'localhost',
+        'name' => ':memory:',
+        'user' => '',
+        'pass' => '',
+    ],
+    'mysql' => [
+        'type' => 'mysql',
+        'host' => '127.0.0.1',
+        'name' => 'duckbrain_test',
+        'user' => 'duckbrain',
+        'pass' => 'duckbrain',
+    ],
+    'pgsql' => [
+        'type' => 'pgsql',
+        'host' => '127.0.0.1',
+        'name' => 'duckbrain_test',
+        'user' => 'duckbrain',
+        'pass' => 'duckbrain',
+    ],
+];
+
+if (!isset($profiles[$engine])) {
+    fwrite(
+        STDERR,
+        "Invalid DUCKBRAIN_TEST_DB '{$engine}'. Expected one of: "
+        . implode(', ', array_keys($profiles)) . "\n"
+    );
+    exit(1);
+}
+
+// Define DB constants BEFORE config.php so the test database wins over the
+// real configuration (config.php's define() warnings are suppressed by @).
+// Each field can be overridden without losing the engine's other defaults.
+$profile = $profiles[$engine];
+
+define('DB_TYPE', $profile['type']);
+define('DB_HOST', getenv('DUCKBRAIN_TEST_HOST') ?: $profile['host']);
+define('DB_NAME', getenv('DUCKBRAIN_TEST_NAME') ?: $profile['name']);
+define('DB_USER', getenv('DUCKBRAIN_TEST_USER') ?: $profile['user']);
+define('DB_PASS', getenv('DUCKBRAIN_TEST_PASS') ?: $profile['pass']);
+
+@require_once __DIR__ . '/../autoload.php';