test(validator): rename enum rule to in

Makefile

@@ -25,11 +25,6 @@
 #   localhost because Database.php's DSN has no port field; stop any local
 #   server on those ports first (db-up aborts naming the port).
 #
-#   Known red: ModelFilterTest::orderByRandReturnsEveryRow fails on the
-#   sqlite and pgsql legs BY DESIGN until the core RAND translation is fixed
-#   (finding F1 in openspec/changes/*/add-multi-engine-model-tests/findings.md);
-#   the mysql leg passes it and everything else.
-#
 # Publishing ritual (human only — AI agents must never run it; it commits):
 #   1. make publish MSG="feat: ..."   (MSG optional, defaults to "sync: <date>")
 #   2. review the new master commit (git log -1 refs/heads/master); if the

autoload.php

@@ -12,8 +12,3 @@ spl_autoload_register(function ($className) {
         require_once $file;
     }
 });
-
-set_exception_handler(function ($exception) {
-    echo "Uncaught exception: " , $exception->getMessage(), "\n";
-    echo $exception->getTraceAsString();
-});

src/Libs/Model.php

@@ -176,6 +176,10 @@ class Model
 
             $vars = json_encode(static::$dbQueryVariables);
 
+            if ($resetQuery) {
+                static::resetQuery();
+            }
+
             throw new Exception(
                 "\nError at query to database.\n" .
                 "Query: $query\n" .
@@ -1008,7 +1012,9 @@ class Model
     public static function orderBy(string $value, string $order = 'ASC'): static
     {
         if ($value == "RAND") {
-            static::$dbQuery['orderBy'] = 'RAND()';
+            $random = static::db()->getAttribute(PDO::ATTR_DRIVER_NAME) == 'mysql' ? 'RAND()' : 'RANDOM()';
+            static::$dbQuery['orderBy'] = $random;
+
             return new static();
         }
 

src/Libs/Request.php

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 namespace Libs;
 
+use Exception;
+
 /**
  * Request - DuckBrain
  *
@@ -59,17 +61,20 @@ class Request extends Neuron
         }
 
         // Run configured validations
-        if (!$this->validate()) {
+        $this->validate();
-            exit();
-        }
     }
 
     /**
      * Starts the configured validation.
      *
-     * @return bool
+     * On failure the single error message is built with Validator::message()
+     * and handed to onInvalid(), which throws by default: failures travel up
+     * as exceptions instead of answering HTTP here.
+     *
+     * @return void
+     * @throws Exception When a configured rule fails.
      */
-    public function validate(): bool
+    public function validate(): void
     {
         $actual = match ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']) {
             'POST', 'PUT', 'PATCH', 'DELETE' => $this->{strtolower($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'])},
@@ -88,7 +93,7 @@ class Request extends Neuron
             Validator::validateList(static::getRules(), $this->get) &&
             Validator::validateList(static::rules(), $body)
         ) {
-            return true;
+            return;
         }
 
         $error = Validator::message(
@@ -98,7 +103,6 @@ class Request extends Neuron
         );
 
         static::onInvalid($error);
-        return false;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -157,27 +161,20 @@ class Request extends Neuron
     /**
      * Function to execute when an invalid value has been detected.
      *
-     * Always answers with a single error and HTTP 422. The representation is
+     * The default implementation always throws a generic \Exception carrying
-     * negotiated from the request's Accept header: JSON when the client asks
+     * the single error message and HTTP 422 as its code; the framework's
-     * for application/json, plain text otherwise.
+     * exception boundary (Router::apply) renders the response. Override it to
+     * throw a more specific exception type instead. The never return type is
+     * the contract: an override that returned would let the request continue
+     * with invalid data, so PHP rejects such an override at compile time.
      *
      * @param string $error
      *
-     * @return void
+     * @return never
+     * @throws Exception
      */
-    public function onInvalid(string $error): void
+    public function onInvalid(string $error): never
     {
-        http_response_code(422);
+        throw new Exception($error, 422);
-
-        $accept = $_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT'] ?? '';
-
-        if (str_contains($accept, 'application/json')) {
-            header('Content-Type: application/json');
-            print(json_encode(['error' => $error]));
-
-            return;
-        }
-
-        print($error);
     }
 }

src/Libs/Router.php

@@ -64,6 +64,54 @@ class Router
         echo '<h2 style="text-align: center;margin: 25px 0px;">Error 404 - Page Not Found</h2>';
     }
 
+    /**
+     * The callback function to be executed when the router's boundary
+     * catches an exception thrown anywhere in the matched route chain.
+     * It receives the exception as a named argument: the handler must
+     * declare its parameter as $exception (typeable as \Throwable).
+     *
+     * @var callable $exceptionCallback
+     */
+    public static $exceptionCallback = 'Libs\Router::defaultException';
+
+    /**
+     * Default callback function for exception responses.
+     *
+     * The HTTP status comes from the exception's code only when it is an
+     * integer in the 400-599 range; anything else (0, arbitrary codes, the
+     * SQLSTATE string carried by PDOException) answers 500. The body is
+     * negotiated from the request's Accept header: JSON when the client asks
+     * for application/json, plain text otherwise. The trace is serialized
+     * from getTraceAsString() because json_encode() of a Throwable yields an
+     * empty object: its properties are protected.
+     *
+     * @param \Throwable $exception
+     *
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public static function defaultException(\Throwable $exception): void
+    {
+        $code = $exception->getCode();
+        http_response_code(is_int($code) && $code >= 400 && $code <= 599 ? $code : 500);
+
+        $accept = $_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT'] ?? '';
+
+        if (str_contains($accept, 'application/json')) {
+            header('Content-Type: application/json');
+            print(json_encode([
+                'error'     => $exception->getMessage(),
+                'exception' => get_class($exception),
+                'file'      => $exception->getFile(),
+                'line'      => $exception->getLine(),
+                'trace'     => explode(PHP_EOL, $exception->getTraceAsString()),
+            ]));
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        print($exception->getMessage() . PHP_EOL . $exception->getTraceAsString());
+    }
+
     /**
      * __construct
      */
@@ -136,7 +184,6 @@ class Router
     public static function redirect(string $path): void
     {
         header('Location: ' . static::basePath() . ltrim($path, '/'));
-        exit;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -363,12 +410,19 @@ class Router
     /**
      * Applies the route configuration.
      *
+     * This method is the framework's error boundary: any \Throwable thrown
+     * while running the matched route's callback chain, while printing the
+     * returned data, or while resolving the not-found callback is caught
+     * here and rendered through $exceptionCallback. A failing handler is
+     * deliberately left uncaught (double failure falls back to PHP itself).
+     *
      * @param string|null $path (optional) Path to use. If not defined, it detects the current path.
      *
      * @return void
      */
     public static function apply(?string $path = null): void
     {
+        try {
             $path    = $path ?? static::currentPath();
             $routers = match ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']) { // Selects an array of routers based on the method
                 'POST'   => static::$post,
@@ -408,5 +462,8 @@ class Router
 
             // If no router matches, call $notFoundCallBack
             Synapsis::resolve(static::$notFoundCallback);
+        } catch (\Throwable $exception) {
+            Synapsis::resolve(static::$exceptionCallback, ['exception' => $exception]);
+        }
     }
 }

src/Libs/Synapsis.php

@@ -66,11 +66,13 @@ class Synapsis
      * Resolves and injects dependencies for a callable and returns its result.
      *
      * @param callable             $action
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $named  Associative array of values injected into the callable's
+     *                                     parameters by exact name match. Consumed in resolveParameterValues().
      *
      * @return mixed
      * @throws Exception If an unhandled callable type is provided.
      */
-    public static function resolve(callable $action): mixed
+    public static function resolve(callable $action, array $named = []): mixed
     {
         if ($action instanceof Closure) { // If it's an anonymous function
             $reflectionCallback = new ReflectionFunction($action);
@@ -90,7 +92,7 @@ class Synapsis
         // Get the parameters
         return call_user_func_array(
             $action,
-            static::resolveParameterValues($reflectionCallback->getParameters())
+            static::resolveParameterValues($reflectionCallback->getParameters(), $named)
         );
     }
 
@@ -132,11 +134,15 @@ class Synapsis
      * Resolves parameter values by injecting dependencies.
      *
      * @param array<ReflectionParameter> $parameters
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $named
+     *                                   Values injected into parameters whose name matches the key,
+     *                                   taking precedence over optional defaults and DI resolution.
+     *                                   Keys matching no parameter are ignored.
      *
      * @return array<mixed>
      * @throws Exception    If a primitive parameter does not have a default value.
      */
-    public static function resolveParameterValues(array $parameters): array
+    public static function resolveParameterValues(array $parameters, array $named = []): array
     {
         $values = [];
         foreach ($parameters as $parameter) {
@@ -144,6 +150,11 @@ class Synapsis
                 continue;
             }
 
+            if (array_key_exists($parameter->getName(), $named)) { // Named values win over defaults and DI
+                $values[] = $named[$parameter->getName()];
+                continue;
+            }
+
             if ($parameter->isOptional()) { // Always use the default value first
                 $values[] = $parameter->getDefaultValue();
                 continue;

src/Libs/Validator.php

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ use Exception;
  * | url           |               | Must be a valid URL                         |
  * | date          |               | Must be a parseable date                    |
  * | regex         | :pattern      | Must match a PCRE pattern (with delimiters) |
- * | enum          | :a,b,c        | Must be one of the listed values            |
+ * | in            | :a,b,c        | Must be one of the listed values            |
  * | min           | :n            | Length/number/count min (files: KB)         |
  * | max           | :n            | Length/number/count max (files: KB)         |
  * | between       | :min,:max     | Value within range (files: KB per upload)   |
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class Validator
      * | :size      | the size rule value                              |
      * | :value     | the required_if expected value                   |
      * | :other     | the required_if companion field / confirmation   |
-     * | :values    | a comma list (enum, mimes, required_with)        |
+     * | :values    | a comma list (in, mimes, required_with)          |
      * |----------+----------------------------------------------------|
      *
      * @var array<string,string>
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ class Validator
         'array'        => 'The :attribute must be an array.',
         'email'        => 'The :attribute must be a valid email address.',
         'url'          => 'The :attribute must be a valid URL.',
-        'enum'         => 'The selected :attribute is invalid. Allowed: :values.',
+        'in'           => 'The selected :attribute is invalid. Allowed: :values.',
         'min'          => 'The :attribute must be at least :min.',
         'max'          => 'The :attribute must not be greater than :max.',
         'between'      => 'The :attribute must be between :min and :max.',
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ class Validator
             case 'size':
                 $replace[':size'] = $args[0] ?? '';
                 break;
-            case 'enum':
+            case 'in':
             case 'mimes':
             case 'required_with':
                 $replace[':values'] = implode(', ', $args);
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ class Validator
      * arguments legitimately contain ':' or ',' - such as regex or mimes -
      * are preserved intact. The caller decides how to split the arguments.
      *
-     * @param string $rule The rule to parse. Ex: "regex:/^a,b$/" or "enum:a,b".
+     * @param string $rule The rule to parse. Ex: "regex:/^a,b$/" or "in:a,b".
      *
      * @return array A two element array: [name, rawArguments]. When the rule
      *               has no parameters, rawArguments is an empty string.
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ class Validator
      * Splits a rule's raw argument string into the arguments to pass to the
      * rule's method (the subject is not included).
      *
-     * Most rules take a comma-separated list of values (e.g. "enum:a,b").
+     * Most rules take a comma-separated list of values (e.g. "in:a,b").
      * A few rules receive an argument that must be kept intact because it can
      * legitimately contain commas or colons: "regex" (a pattern) and "not"
      * (a sub-rule that is itself parsed recursively). An empty argument string
@@ -810,7 +810,7 @@ class Validator
      *
      * @return bool
      */
-    public static function enum(mixed $subject, ...$values): bool
+    public static function in(mixed $subject, ...$values): bool
     {
         return in_array($subject, $values);
     }

tests/Integration/ModelFailureTest.php

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Integration;
+
+use Exception;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Group;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
+use ReflectionMethod;
+use Tests\Models\User;
+use Tests\TestCase;
+
+/**
+ * ModelFailureTest - DuckBrain integration matrix
+ *
+ * Family: query-failure state handling (findings F2 / spec model).
+ *
+ * All contamination is provoked and observed INSIDE a single test: the
+ * harness-wide resetQuery guard in Tests\TestCase::setUp() protects the
+ * next test, never the current one, so these assertions depend solely on
+ * Model::query()'s own bookkeeping.
+ */
+#[Group('integration')]
+final class ModelFailureTest extends TestCase
+{
+    /** @var list<int> */
+    private static array $ids = [];
+
+    private const BAD_SQL = 'SELECT * FROM table_that_does_not_exist';
+
+    public static function setUpBeforeClass(): void
+    {
+        self::createTable('users', [
+            'id'         => 'pk',
+            'username'   => 'string',
+            'email'      => 'string',
+            'bio'        => 'text',
+            'age'        => 'number',
+            'is_active'  => 'bool',
+            'last_login' => 'timestamp',
+        ]);
+
+        foreach (['fer', 'fiona', 'frog'] as $name) {
+            $user = new User();
+            $user->username = $name;
+            $user->email    = $name . '@duckbrain.dev';
+            $user->age      = 33;
+            $user->save();
+            self::$ids[] = (int) $user->id;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static function runQuery(string $sql, bool $resetQuery = true): void
+    {
+        (new ReflectionMethod(User::class, 'query'))->invokeArgs(null, [$sql, $resetQuery]);
+    }
+
+    private static function currentSql(): string
+    {
+        return (new ReflectionMethod(User::class, 'buildQuery'))->invoke(null);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function failingQueryDoesNotContaminateTheNextQuery(): void
+    {
+        User::where('id', self::$ids[0]);
+
+        try {
+            self::runQuery(self::BAD_SQL);
+            $this->fail('a query against a missing table must throw');
+        } catch (Exception $e) {
+            $this->assertStringContainsString('Error at query to database', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+
+        // With the default resetQuery: true, the failed run must have left
+        // the builder as good as new; get() therefore sees all three rows.
+        $this->assertCount(3, User::get(), 'builder state leaked from the failed query');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function failedKeepStateQueryLeavesTheWhereForRetry(): void
+    {
+        User::where('username', 'fiona');
+
+        try {
+            self::runQuery(self::BAD_SQL, false);
+            $this->fail('a query against a missing table must throw');
+        } catch (Exception $e) {
+            $this->assertStringContainsString('Error at query to database', $e->getMessage());
+        }
+
+        // resetQuery: false contracts to keep the where alive for the
+        // caller's deliberate retry (also guards against a fix that resets
+        // unconditionally).
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('WHERE', self::currentSql());
+
+        $retry = User::get();
+        $this->assertCount(1, $retry, 'retry after failure must reuse the kept where');
+        $this->assertSame('fiona', $retry[0]->username);
+    }
+}

tests/Integration/ModelTransactionTest.php

@@ -69,6 +69,10 @@ final class ModelTransactionTest extends TestCase
         User::beginTransaction();
         $user = self::seed('wrecked_carol');
 
+        // Dirty the builder BEFORE failing: only a leftover-free result after
+        // the exception proves query() itself cleaned up (finding F2).
+        User::where('age', '>', '30');
+
         try {
             (new ReflectionMethod(User::class, 'query'))
                 ->invokeArgs(null, ['SELECT * FROM table_that_does_not_exist']);
@@ -78,6 +82,14 @@ final class ModelTransactionTest extends TestCase
         }
 
         $this->assertFalse(self::db()->inTransaction(), 'the exception path must close the transaction');
+
+        $sqlAfterFailure = (new ReflectionMethod(User::class, 'buildQuery'))->invoke(null);
+        $this->assertSame(
+            'SELECT * FROM users',
+            $sqlAfterFailure,
+            'a failed query must leave the builder at its default state'
+        );
+
         $this->assertNull(User::where('username', 'wrecked_carol')->getFirst(), 'pending insert must be undone');
     }
 }

tests/Unit/RequestTest.php

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Unit;
+
+use Exception;
+use Libs\Request;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
+use Tests\TestCase;
+
+/**
+ * RequestTest - DuckBrain test harness
+ *
+ * Cubre el modelo de fallo por excepcion del Request: la validacion lanza
+ * con code 422 y el mensaje unico de Validator::message() (con overrides de
+ * messages()/attributes()), en lugar de responder HTTP y hacer exit() como
+ * hacia antes. Que estas pruebas puedan ejecutar expectException ya demuestra
+ * que el constructor no termina el proceso.
+ */
+final class RequestTest extends TestCase
+{
+    private array $serverBackup = [];
+    private array $getBackup = [];
+    private array $postBackup = [];
+
+    protected function setUp(): void
+    {
+        $this->serverBackup = $_SERVER;
+        $this->getBackup = $_GET;
+        $this->postBackup = $_POST;
+
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'GET';
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] = '/test';
+        $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] = '/nonexistent-docroot';
+        unset($_SERVER['CONTENT_TYPE'], $_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT']);
+        $_GET = [];
+        $_POST = [];
+    }
+
+    protected function tearDown(): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER = $this->serverBackup;
+        $_GET = $this->getBackup;
+        $_POST = $this->postBackup;
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function failedValidationThrowsWithHttp422Code(): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'POST';
+        $_POST = ['age' => '5'];
+
+        $this->expectException(Exception::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage('The age must be at least 18.');
+        $this->expectExceptionCode(422);
+
+        new class extends Request {
+            public function rules(): array
+            {
+                return ['age' => 'required|min:18'];
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function messagesOverrideWinsForFailedRule(): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'POST';
+        $_POST = ['age' => '5'];
+
+        $this->expectException(Exception::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage('Way too short');
+
+        new class extends Request {
+            public function rules(): array
+            {
+                return ['age' => 'required|min:18'];
+            }
+
+            public function messages(): array
+            {
+                return ['age.min' => 'Way too short'];
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function attributesRenameTheFieldInDefaultMessage(): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'POST';
+        $_POST = ['age' => '5'];
+
+        $this->expectException(Exception::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage('The applicant age must be at least 18.');
+
+        new class extends Request {
+            public function rules(): array
+            {
+                return ['age' => 'required|min:18'];
+            }
+
+            public function attributes(): array
+            {
+                return ['age' => 'applicant age'];
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function getRulesFailureThrowsToo(): void
+    {
+        $this->expectException(Exception::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage('The q field is required.');
+
+        new class extends Request {
+            public function getRules(): array
+            {
+                return ['q' => 'required'];
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function validDataDoesNotThrow(): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'POST';
+        $_POST = ['age' => '20'];
+
+        $request = new class extends Request {
+            public function rules(): array
+            {
+                return ['age' => 'required|min:18'];
+            }
+        };
+
+        $this->assertSame('20', $request->post->age);
+        $this->assertSame('/test', $request->path);
+    }
+}

tests/Unit/RouterTest.php

@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Unit;
+
+use Exception;
+use Libs\Neuron;
+use Libs\Request;
+use Libs\Router;
+use LogicException;
+use PDOException;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\RunInSeparateProcess;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
+use ReflectionClass;
+use ReflectionProperty;
+use Tests\TestCase;
+use TypeError;
+
+/**
+ * RouterTest - DuckBrain test harness
+ *
+ * Cubre la respuesta de error que produce Router::defaultException(): el
+ * status derivado del code de la excepcion con guard de rango 400-599 y la
+ * negociacion por Accept entre representacion JSON y texto plano. Tambien la
+ * frontera de Router::apply(): que toda excepcion de la cadena (middlewares,
+ * callback final, notFound) llegue al $exceptionCallback deteniendo la
+ * ejecucion sin exit() y dejando intacto el flujo normal. Tambien que los
+ * valores por defecto declarados en las propiedades $notFoundCallback y
+ * $exceptionCallback (callables string) se resuelvan de punta a punta a
+ * traves de Synapsis::resolve() dentro de apply().
+ */
+final class RouterTest extends TestCase
+{
+    private array $serverBackup = [];
+    private array $getBackup = [];
+    private array $postBackup = [];
+
+    protected function setUp(): void
+    {
+        $this->serverBackup = $_SERVER;
+        $this->getBackup = $_GET;
+        $this->postBackup = $_POST;
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'GET';
+        unset($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT']);
+        @http_response_code(200); // Ver tearDown: inofensivo mientras no haya un header('HTTP/...') activo.
+        $this->resetRouterState();
+    }
+
+    protected function tearDown(): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER = $this->serverBackup;
+        $_GET = $this->getBackup;
+        $_POST = $this->postBackup;
+        // El @ cubre el warning de PHP 8.5 ("...has no effect") que dispara
+        // cualquier http_response_code() posterior a un header('HTTP/...'),
+        // inevitable en el proceso aislado del test de notFound (el valor
+        // se aplica igualmente, como confirma el getter).
+        @http_response_code(200);
+        $this->resetRouterState();
+    }
+
+    private function resetRouterState(): void
+    {
+        foreach (['get', 'post', 'put', 'patch', 'delete'] as $method) {
+            (new ReflectionProperty(Router::class, $method))->setValue(null, []);
+        }
+        Router::$params = new Neuron();
+        Router::$notFoundCallback = 'Libs\Router::defaultNotFound';
+        Router::$exceptionCallback = 'Libs\Router::defaultException';
+    }
+
+    private function render(\Throwable $exception): string
+    {
+        ob_start();
+        Router::defaultException($exception);
+
+        return ob_get_clean();
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function intCodeInHttpStatusRangeBecomesResponseStatus(): void
+    {
+        $output = $this->render(new Exception('The edad must be at least 18.', 422));
+
+        $this->assertSame(422, http_response_code());
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('The edad must be at least 18.', $output);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function stringSqlStateCodeFallsBackToServerError(): void
+    {
+        $this->render(new PDOException('SQLSTATE[23000]: Integrity constraint violation', '23000'));
+
+        $this->assertSame(500, http_response_code(), 'A string SQLSTATE code must never reach http_response_code');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function intCodeOutOfRangeFallsBackToServerError(): void
+    {
+        $this->render(new Exception('arbitrary code', 7));
+
+        $this->assertSame(500, http_response_code());
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function throwableWithoutMeaningfulCodeAnswersServerError(): void
+    {
+        $this->render(new TypeError('must be of the type int'));
+
+        $this->assertSame(500, http_response_code());
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function plainTextIsDefaultRepresentation(): void
+    {
+        $output = $this->render(new Exception('boom', 418));
+
+        $this->assertStringStartsWith("boom\n", $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('#0', $output, 'Plain text must include the full trace');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function jsonRepresentationWhenClientAcceptsJson(): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT'] = 'application/json';
+
+        $output = $this->render(new Exception('The e must be a valid email address.', 422));
+
+        $payload = json_decode($output, true);
+        $this->assertIsArray($payload, 'Accept: application/json must produce a JSON body');
+        $this->assertSame(422, http_response_code());
+        $this->assertSame('The e must be a valid email address.', $payload['error']);
+        $this->assertSame('Exception', $payload['exception']);
+        $this->assertArrayHasKey('file', $payload);
+        $this->assertArrayHasKey('line', $payload);
+        $this->assertIsArray($payload['trace']);
+        $this->assertIsString($payload['trace'][0], 'The trace must be serialized as readable lines, not raw frames');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function middlewareExceptionStopsTheRemainingChain(): void
+    {
+        $log = [];
+        $caught = [];
+        Router::$exceptionCallback = function (\Throwable $exception) use (&$caught): void {
+            $caught[] = $exception;
+        };
+
+        Router::get('/chain', function () use (&$log): void {
+            $log[] = 'final';
+        });
+        Router::middleware(function () use (&$log): void {
+            $log[] = 'mw-late-registered';
+        });
+        Router::middleware(function () use (&$log): void {
+            throw new Exception('chain break', 422);
+        });
+        Router::middleware(function () use (&$log): void {
+            $log[] = 'mw-first-registered';
+        });
+
+        Router::apply('/chain');
+
+        // Callbacks run in reverse registration order: the last registered middleware
+        // ran first, the thrower stopped everything after it, and apply() returned
+        // normally (this line being reached proves there was no exit()).
+        $this->assertSame(['mw-first-registered'], $log);
+        $this->assertCount(1, $caught, 'The route chain must deliver exactly one exception to the callback');
+        $this->assertSame('chain break', $caught[0]->getMessage());
+        $this->assertSame(422, $caught[0]->getCode());
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function finalCallbackExceptionIsDeliveredToTheExceptionCallback(): void
+    {
+        $caught = [];
+        Router::$exceptionCallback = function (\Throwable $exception) use (&$caught): void {
+            $caught[] = get_class($exception) . ': ' . $exception->getMessage();
+        };
+
+        Router::get('/throwing', function (): void {
+            throw new LogicException('controller boom');
+        });
+
+        Router::apply('/throwing');
+
+        $this->assertSame(['LogicException: controller boom'], $caught);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function notFoundCallbackExceptionReachesTheExceptionCallback(): void
+    {
+        $caught = [];
+        Router::$exceptionCallback = function (\Throwable $exception) use (&$caught): void {
+            $caught[] = $exception;
+        };
+        Router::$notFoundCallback = function (): void {
+            throw new Exception('not found exploded', 418);
+        };
+
+        Router::apply('/no-such-route');
+
+        $this->assertCount(1, $caught);
+        $this->assertSame('not found exploded', $caught[0]->getMessage());
+        $this->assertSame(418, $caught[0]->getCode());
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function normalFlowStillPrintsReturnedData(): void
+    {
+        Router::$exceptionCallback = function (): void {
+            $this->fail('The exception callback must not run on a successful request');
+        };
+
+        Router::get('/ok', function (): array {
+            return ['status' => 'ok'];
+        });
+
+        ob_start();
+        Router::apply('/ok');
+        $output = ob_get_clean();
+
+        $this->assertSame('{"status":"ok"}', $output);
+        $this->assertSame(200, http_response_code());
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function customOnInvalidExceptionReachesTheExceptionCallbackThroughTheBoundary(): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'POST';
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] = '/signup';
+        $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] = '/nonexistent-docroot';
+        $_POST = ['age' => '5'];
+
+        $caught = [];
+        Router::$exceptionCallback = function (\Throwable $exception) use (&$caught): void {
+            $caught[] = $exception;
+        };
+
+        $finalRan = false;
+        Router::post('/signup', function (StrictSignup $request) use (&$finalRan): void {
+            $finalRan = true;
+        });
+
+        Router::apply('/signup');
+
+        // The Request was built by the container for the final callback and its
+        // custom onInvalid() threw during dependency resolution: the custom type
+        // must arrive intact to the callback, and the final callback must not run.
+        $this->assertCount(1, $caught);
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(RequestRejected::class, $caught[0]);
+        $this->assertSame('The age must be at least 18.', $caught[0]->getMessage());
+        $this->assertSame(400, $caught[0]->getCode(), 'The status channel must survive custom exception types');
+        $this->assertFalse($finalRan, 'A Request that throws during DI resolution must stop the route');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function declaredDefaultExceptionCallbackRendersThroughTheBoundary(): void
+    {
+        // Se fuerza el valor declarado en la clase, no el que reasigna
+        // resetRouterState(): es justo el camino property default ->
+        // Synapsis::resolve(string callable) que debe seguir funcionando.
+        Router::$exceptionCallback = (new ReflectionClass(Router::class))
+            ->getDefaultProperties()['exceptionCallback'];
+
+        Router::get('/default-exception', function (): void {
+            throw new Exception('rendered by the default handler', 422);
+        });
+
+        ob_start();
+        Router::apply('/default-exception');
+        $output = ob_get_clean();
+
+        $this->assertSame(422, http_response_code(), 'The declared default handler must derive the status from the code');
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('rendered by the default handler', $output);
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('#0', $output, 'The declared default handler must render the plain text trace');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    #[RunInSeparateProcess]
+    public function declaredDefaultNotFoundCallbackRendersThe404Body(): void
+    {
+        Router::$notFoundCallback = (new ReflectionClass(Router::class))
+            ->getDefaultProperties()['notFoundCallback'];
+
+        ob_start();
+        Router::apply('/no-such-route');
+        $output = ob_get_clean();
+
+        // Proceso aislado: defaultNotFound() emite header('HTTP/1.0 404 ...') y en
+        // PHP 8.5 eso hace que TODO http_response_code() posterior avise, sin forma
+        // de limpiar el estado en el mismo proceso. En CLI el header no toca
+        // http_response_code(), asi que la asercion util es el cuerpo renderizado.
+        $this->assertStringContainsString('Error 404 - Page Not Found', $output);
+    }
+}
+
+// phpcs:disable PSR1.Classes.ClassDeclaration.MultipleClasses
+/**
+ * Fixtures locales de la prueba de simetría: un tipo de excepcion propio que
+ * un Request hijo lanza desde su onInvalid() reescrito.
+ */
+final class RequestRejected extends Exception
+{
+}
+
+final class StrictSignup extends Request
+{
+    public function rules(): array
+    {
+        return ['age' => 'required|min:18'];
+    }
+
+    public function onInvalid(string $error): never
+    {
+        throw new RequestRejected($error, 400);
+    }
+}

tests/Unit/SynapsisTest.php

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Tests\Unit;
+
+use Exception;
+use Libs\Neuron;
+use Libs\Synapsis;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
+use Tests\TestCase;
+
+/**
+ * SynapsisTest - DuckBrain test harness
+ *
+ * Cubre la inyeccion de argumentos por nombre en resolve(): la clave de
+ * $named gana sobre el default de un opcional y sobre la resolucion DI por
+ * tipo, la coincidencia es por nombre y no por posicion, y las claves
+ * sobrantes se ignoran en silencio (riesgo documentado en design.md).
+ */
+final class SynapsisTest extends TestCase
+{
+    #[Test]
+    public function namedValueWinsOverOptionalDefault(): void
+    {
+        $result = Synapsis::resolve(
+            fn ($config = 'default') => $config,
+            ['config' => 'forced']
+        );
+
+        $this->assertSame('forced', $result, 'A named argument must take precedence over an optional default');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function namedValueWinsOverTypeBasedResolution(): void
+    {
+        $real = new Exception('the real one', 422);
+
+        $result = Synapsis::resolve(
+            fn (Exception $exception) => $exception,
+            ['exception' => $real]
+        );
+
+        $this->assertSame($real, $result, 'The injected instance must be the named one, not a container-built empty Exception');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function namedParametersMatchByNameNotPosition(): void
+    {
+        $real = new Exception('matched by name');
+
+        [$b, $exception] = Synapsis::resolve(
+            fn (Neuron $b, Exception $exception) => [$b, $exception],
+            ['exception' => $real]
+        );
+
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(Neuron::class, $b, 'Parameters without a named match must keep resolving through DI');
+        $this->assertSame($real, $exception, 'Position of the named parameter must not matter');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function unmatchedNamedKeysAreIgnored(): void
+    {
+        $result = Synapsis::resolve(
+            fn ($x = 'untouched') => $x,
+            ['foo' => 1]
+        );
+
+        $this->assertSame('untouched', $result, 'A key matching no parameter must be silently ignored');
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function renamedParameterFallsBackToContainerResolution(): void
+    {
+        $real = new Exception('never arrives');
+
+        // The handler renamed its parameter to $e, so the 'exception' key
+        // matches nothing and $e degrades to DI: a fresh empty Exception.
+        $result = Synapsis::resolve(
+            fn (Exception $e) => $e,
+            ['exception' => $real]
+        );
+
+        $this->assertNotSame($real, $result, 'A renamed handler parameter must not receive the named value');
+        $this->assertSame('', $result->getMessage(), 'The degradation outcome is a container-built empty Exception');
+    }
+}

tests/Unit/ValidatorTest.php

@@ -81,10 +81,18 @@ final class ValidatorTest extends TestCase
 
     #[Test]
 
-    public function enumIsLooseComparison(): void
+    public function inIsLooseComparison(): void
     {
-        $this->assertTrue(Validator::checkRule('1', 'enum:1,2,3'));
+        $this->assertTrue(Validator::checkRule('1', 'in:1,2,3'));
-        $this->assertFalse(Validator::checkRule('9', 'enum:1,2,3'));
+        $this->assertFalse(Validator::checkRule('9', 'in:1,2,3'));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+
+    public function enumRuleIsNoLongerRecognized(): void
+    {
+        $this->expectException(\Exception::class);
+        Validator::checkRule('1', 'enum:1,2,3');
     }
 
     #[Test]
@@ -100,7 +108,7 @@ final class ValidatorTest extends TestCase
     public function parseRule(): void
     {
         $this->assertSame(['required', ''], Validator::parseRule('required'));
-        $this->assertSame(['enum', 'a,b'], Validator::parseRule('enum:a,b'));
+        $this->assertSame(['in', 'a,b'], Validator::parseRule('in:a,b'));
         $this->assertSame(['regex', '/^a,b$/'], Validator::parseRule('regex:/^a,b$/'));
     }
 
@@ -168,7 +176,7 @@ final class ValidatorTest extends TestCase
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             'The selected status is invalid. Allowed: a, b, c.',
-            Validator::message('status.enum:a,b,c')
+            Validator::message('status.in:a,b,c')
         );
         $this->assertSame(
             'The reason field is required when mode is other.',